Honors Chemistry
Unit 4
 Families (research and present)
 Metals/nonmetals
 Trends
o Atomic radius
o Electronegativity
o Ionization energy
o Metallic and nonmetallic character
 Review Ions
 Oxidation #’s
1
We are learning to:
1.
2.
3.
Describe the history/arrangement of the periodic table.
Describe periodicity as a result of electron configurations.
Give the name and formula with charge for the polyatomic ions.
We are looking for:
1a. Doberiener arranged the elements into triads.
1b. Newlands arranged the elements by the law of octaves.
1c. Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass (periodic law).
1d. Moseley arranged the elements by atomic number (modern periodic law).
1e. Identify and describe the unique properties of the families on the periodic table (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals,
inner transition metals, post transition/other metals, metalloids, halogens, noble gases, other nonmetals, hydrogen).
2a. Identify the number of valence electrons using the periodic table or given an electron configuration.
2b. Describe the periodic trends (metallic character, electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, ionic radius).
3a. Given the name of a polyatomic ion, write the corresponding formula and charge.
3b. Given the formula and charge of a polyatomic ion, write the corresponding name.
2
3
4
5
Families on the Periodic Table of the Elements
6
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
Define the following terms/physical properties & determine how you can test a sample for this
property.
1) Malleability
2) Luster
3) Conductivity
4) For reactivity with acid, how will you determine if a chemical reaction has occurred?
Purpose: To classify unknown samples as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on the observed
characteristics.
Use the procedures you described above to test each physical property of the samples. To test the
chemical property (reaction w/ acid) place a small piece of the sample into a test tube and then add 510 drops of acid. Record your observations in the table on the back.
7
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids Table
Sample #
Color
Luster
(lustrous)
Malleability Conductivity Reaction
(malleable)
w/ acid
Classification
See PowerPoint notes for the basic properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Then classify each
of your samples as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
8
Families on the Periodic Table
Family Name
List Elements
(Solid/Liquid/Gas)
(Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal)
Characteristics
Hydrogen
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Metals
Transition Metals
Other Metals
(Post transition)
Metalloids
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Family Name
List Elements
(Solid/Liquid/Gas)
(Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal)
Characteristics
Other Non metals
Halogens
Noble Gases
Lanthanoids
(Inner transition metals)
Actinoids
(Inner transition metals)
New Elements
10
Periodic Trends
11
Cations
Why?
Anions
Why?
12
Honors Chemistry Note-Taking Outline
"Periodic Properties"
Atomic Radius
___________ the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together.
Left to right across the periodic table
1.
Electron – electron ________________________
Makes radius larger
Very weak interactions
2.
Proton – electron _________________________
Makes radius smaller
Very strong interactions
Down a group/family
3.
Energy level, n, __________________ from top to bottom
Radius gets larger by adding large amount of electrons
Think Bohr model (adding rings)
Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs when a neutral atom ___________________ an electron.
Ionization Energy
The energy required to ___________________ one electron from a neutral atom.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to _______________ electrons.
Most electronegative element is F (fluorine).
It is assigned the number 4.
All other values are based on this value.
Periodic Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Atomic Radii
Ionization
Energy
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Ionic Radius: anion radius is ________________ compared to the atom.
cation radius is ________________ compared to the atom.
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Metallic Character
1.
_______________ ionization energy (easy to remove electrons)
2.
_______________ electronegativities (don’t attract electrons)
3.
_______________ Luster – shiny
4.
_______________ conductor of electricity and heat
5.
_______________ and ductile
Most metallic element = _______________________
NonMetallic Character
1. ______________ ionization energy (hard to remove electrons)
2. ______________ electronegativities (attract electrons)
3. ______________ or no metallic luster
4. ______________ electrical and thermal conductors
5. ______________ solids
Most nonmetallic element = _____________________
Metalloid Character
1.
Characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
2.
_______________________ between those of metals and nonmetals.
3.
_______________________ energies between those of metals and nonmetals.
4.
Boiling pts, Melting pts and _________________ vary widely.
Example: Silicon –
_______________ luster
_______________
_______________ conductor
14
Periodicity Review Worksheet
1. Which atom in the following pairs would have the larger atomic radii?
P or Cl
K or Mg
As or Se
Si or O
P or Ge
Sn or Pb
Cl or Br
Ca or Al
Mg or Ca
Sn or As
Si or S
H or He
Na or Mg
Al or Cl
Sr or Ra
2. Which ion in the following pairs would have the larger radii?
Li+ or Be2+
Cr3+ or Cr6+
S2- or O2-
Mg2+ or Be2+
Na+ or Al3+
I- or Cl-
Cs+ or Be2+
Zn2+ or Fe2+
P3- or S2-
Cu+ or Cu2+
N3- or FBr- or S2-
3. Which member of the following pairs would have a larger radii?
Br or BrCa or Ca2+
S or S6+
Al or Al3+
O or O2Li or Li+
P or P3N3- or Al3+
4. Which atom in the following pairs would have the greater first ionization energy?
Sr or Ba
Cs or Ba
Cl or Ar
In or Sn
Xe or Kr
Mg or Sr
Ca or Cu
5. What is the difference between electron affinity and ionization energy?
6. Which member in the following pairs would have the greater electron affinity &
electronegativity?
F or Cl
S or O
F or O
N or O
F or Any element
Nonmetal or Metal
S or Cl
C or S
Ca or K
Mg or Na
Ca or F
Na or K
Al or Si
7. What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
8. Identify three anions in Period 2 that can have the same number of electrons when they
become ions. Do they gain or lose electrons?
9. Identify three cations in Period 3 that can have the same number of electrons when they
become ions. Do they gain or lose electrons?
15
10. Identify the ions that are most likely to have an ion charge (oxidation state) of -2? (Hint:
there are five of them)
11. Identify the ions that are most likely to have an ion charge (oxidation state) of +2? (Hint:
there are six of them)
12. Why do elements in the same family generally have similar properties?
13. Which element has the greatest electron affinity? Why?
14. Which element has the lowest ionization energy? Why?
15. Consider all elements in period 3 for the following (Na through Ar)
____ has the largest atomic radius
____ has the greatest electron affinity
____ has the highest first ionization energy
____ is the most reactive metal
____ is the most reactive non metal
____ is the least reactive
___________ are metalloids
___________ are most likely to be cations
___________ are most likely to be anions
_____ loses 3 electrons to have noble gas configuration
_____ gains 3 electrons to have noble gas configuration
16. Consider all elements in group 17 (O through Po)
____ is the least reactive
____ is the most reactive
____ has the greatest electron affinity
____ has the greatest first ionization energy
____ has the smallest atomic radius
17. In a given period, are cations larger or are anions bigger?
18. Is the radius of a cation larger or smaller than the neutral atom? Why?
19. Is the radius of an anion larger or smaller than the neutral atom? Why?
16
Martian PT
Name ___________________________________
Date ________
Class Period _______ Clicker Number ________
Honors Chemistry Worksheet
"Trends"
"Periodic Chart For Mars And Its 33 Known Elements"
Place the following elements in their proper place in the Martian periodic table. Remember, natural laws are the
same for the whole universe. Note that Mars has no transition metals.
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, !, #, $, %, +, =, ?
undiscovered
1. The most reactive metallic element is x.
2. The most reactive nonmetallic element is !.
3. Inert gases (like our noble gases) are $, %, a, and d. a is the least dense, $ is the most dense,
and d has a lower boiling point than %. (see the charts on p. 11)
4. The lightest element of all is #.
5. All the following elements are in the 3rd energy level and have
n is the largest atomic radius
g is a metalloid
= is the most reactive nonmetal
? is a pretty reactive metal
+ is next to k but k has the higher ionization energy
e is in this period as well
6. Element g has 14 protons.
7. f has a total of 7electrons.
8. c has an atomic mass of 5 and forms the compound cs.
9. r would correspond to our alkali metals and is in the 4th energy level.
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10. The ! family is made up of the elements !, =, s and p in order of increasing atomic radii.
11. j is the most dense of all Martian atoms and is radioactive.
12. q is in period 5 and has a dot notation of 2 dots and an oxidation number of +2.
13. m is in period 2 and will form a compound with ! that has the formula m! 2. In other words, m has two electrons that it
would like to give to !.
14. h is like our element carbon and is in same family as t, w and g.
15. t is bigger than w in atomic radius.
16. The Martian solvent is like our most important liquid and has the formula # 2y.
17. o is in the same family as e and has a lower melting point.
18. i is the only metalloid in the family of y.
19. l has a dot notation of 3 dots and an oxidation number of +3.
20. z is in the same family as q and has a slightly higher ionization energy than q.
21. b is slightly smaller that q.
22. u has a final electron configuration of 4p3.
23. v is next to s and more dense then s.
Bonus Problems:
A. If you discovered the Martian element that is listed as undiscovered at this time on the
Martian periodic table, what would you name it?
______________________________
B. What chemical symbol would you give this element and why?
__________
C. Name at least three characteristics that this element would have because of its location on the Martian periodic table?
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Name ___________________________________
Date ________
Class Period _______ Clicker Number ________
Honors Chemistry Practice Quiz
“The Periodic Law”: "Trends"
Answer the following problems by placing the correct letter next to the problem number.
For problems 1-5 indicate with answer "a" the element you would predict with the highest ionization energy.
Continue ranking the elements down to the lowest.
a. highest b. second highest c. third highest d. second lowest e. lowest
1. 37 - Rubidium
4. 39 - Yttrium
2. 55 - Cesium
5. 87 - Francium
3. 50 - Tin
For problems 6-10 indicate with answer "a" the element you would predict with the largest atomic radius. Continue
ranking the elements down to the smallest.
a. largest b. second largest c. third largest d. second smallest e. smallest
6. 73 - Tantalum
9. 84 - Polonium
7. 12 - Magnesium
10. 16 - Sulfur
8. 80 - Mercury
For problems 11-15 indicate with answer "a" the element you would predict with the highest electronegativity.
Continue ranking the elements down to the lowest.
a. highest b. second highest c. third highest d. second lowest e. lowest
11. 55 - Cesium
14. 87 - Francium
12. 9 - Fluorine
15. 7 - Nitrogen
13. 8 - Oxygen
For problems 16-20 indicate with answer "a" the element you would predict with the highest reactivity. Continue
ranking the elements down to the lowest.
a. highest b. second highest c. third highest d. second lowest e. lowest
16. 37 - Rubidium
19. 39 - Yttrium
17. 55 - Cesium
20. 87 - Francium
18. 50 - Tin
For problems 21-25 indicate with answer "a" the element you would predict with the metallic characteristics.
Continue ranking the elements down to the lowest.
a. highest b. second highest c. third highest d. second lowest e. lowest
21. 11 - Sodium
24. 20- Calcium
22. 18 - Argon
25. 30 - Zinc
23. 81 - Thallium
19
Review of Ions
Notes on Oxidation Numbers
20
21
Isoelectronic Configurations
 Elements with similar electronic configurations tend to have similar chemical
and physical properties.
 It is possible for elemental ions to have exactly the same electronic
configurations as other elements or ions.
 When two elements and/or ions have the same electronic configurations it is
said that they are "isoelectronic" with one another.
 When two chemical species are isolectronic they again tend to have similar
chemical properties.
Examples of Isoelectronic Elements and/or Ions
no of
protons
Element or ion pair
Electronic configuration
Li+, He
1s2
Be2+, He
1s2
F-, Ne
1s2 2s2 2p6
S2-, Ar
1s2 2s2 2s6 3s2 3p6
Mg2+, Na+
1s2 2s2 2p6
Ca+, K
[Ne]4s1
P3-, S2-
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Na+
Mg2+
Al3+
P3-
S2-
Cl-
N3-
O2-
F-
11
12
13
15
16
17
7
8
9
electronic
structure of
ion
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8,8
2,8,8
2,8,8
2, 8
2, 8
2, 8
ionic radius
(nm)
0.102
0.072
0.054
(0.212)
0.184
0.181
(0.171)
0.140
0.133
Which of the atoms/ions are isoelectronic with each other?
C , Cl- , Mn2+ , B- , Ar , Zn , Fe3+ , Ge2+
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Introduction
Polyatomic ions are charged molecules. The atoms within a polyatomic ion are usually very tightly bound
together, so the ion retains its identity within ionic compounds and over the course of many chemical
reactions.
Because polyatomic ions are basic building blocks of so many ionic compounds, learning the names, charges,
and formulas of the most common polyatomic ions is absolutely essential before many other skills can be
mastered.
Most common polyatomic anions occur in "families". All members of the family share the same central
element and the same charge. There are three common types of variations within the family:
Different members of the family can have different numbers of oxygens.
Each member of the family can combine with hydrogen ions to partially neutralize their negative
charge.
 Some members of the family can have sulfur substituted for oxygen.
Other variations exist but are less common.


Table of common polyatomic:
Polyatomic Name
Polyatomic Ion
Ammonium
NH4+
Hydronium
H3O+
Acetate
C2H3O2-
Bromate
BrO3-
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
Chlorate
ClO3-
Hydroxide
OH-
Iodate
IO3-
Nitrate
NO3-
Permanganate
MnO4-
Carbonate
CO32-
Chromate
CrO42-
Sulfate
SO42-
Phosphate
PO4323
Common naming practices
If you can remember the formula of the ion whose name ends with ate, you can usually work out
the formulas of the other family members as follows:
modify stem name
with:
meaning
examples
per-, -ate
same charge, but contains one more oxygen
perchlorate, ClO4-
than -ate form
perbromate, BrO4-
a common form, containing oxygen
chlorate, ClO3-
-ate
nitrate, NO3sulfate, SO42-ite
one less oxygen than -ate form
chlorite, ClO2sulfite, SO32nitrite, NO2-
hypo-, -ite
same charge, but contains one less oxygen
hypochlorite, ClO-
than the -ite form
hypobromite, BrO-
Some anions can capture hydrogen ions. For example, carbonate (CO32- can capture an H+ to
produce hydrogen carbonate HCO3- (often called bicarbonate). Each captured hydrogen
neutralizes one minus charge on the anion.
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NICK the CAMEL ate a CLAM for SUPPER in PHOENIX



Ex)
Underlined letter represents the symbol of the element.
The consonants represent the number of oxygen present with the symbol.
The vowels represent the number of negative charge.
Underlined letter = N
Number of consonants = 3
Number of vowels
=1
represents oxygens
represents charge
NO3-
Ex)
Underlined letter = P
Number of consonants = 4
Number of vowels
=3
Nitrate
represents oxygens
represents charge
PO43-
Phosphate
Camel
Carbonate
Clam
Chlorate
Supper
Sulfate
Another One!!!
IZZY the BRAT CRAVED MINTS
Izzy
IO3-
Iodate
Brat
Bromate
Craved
Chromate
Mints
Permanganate
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Name ________________________________________
Class Period _______________
Ion Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
An isotope has 106 proton, 157 neutrons, and 106 electrons:
a.
Write the nuclear symbol for this isotope _________________
b.
What is the name of this element? ___________________
c.
Is this an atom or an ion? ______________________
d.
What is the mass number of this isotope ________________
e.
What is the atomic number? __________________
f.
What is the net charge? _______________________
An isotope has 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 28 electrons:
a.
Write the hyphen notation for this isotope ______________________
b.
What is the name of this element? ___________________
c.
Is this an atom or an ion? ______________________
d.
What is the mass number of this isotope ________________
e.
What is the atomic number? __________________
f.
What is the net charge? _______________________
a. The species
104Rh3+
b. The species
12C
c. The species
130Te-2
has _____protons, _____neutrons and _____electrons
has _____protons, _____neutrons and _____electrons
has _____protons, ____neutrons and ____electrons
Which element will produce an ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
_______________.
Which element will produce an ion with 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 18 electrons?
_______________.
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6.
a.
A Calcium atom will (lose or gain) _____ electrons. How many? _______
Is the calcium atom bigger or smaller than the calcium ion? ___________
b. A Francium atom will (lose or gain) ______electrons. How many? ______
Is the francium atom bigger or smaller than the francium ion? ___________
c. A Fluorine atom will (lose or gain) _______ electrons. How many?______
Is the fluorine atom bigger or smaller than the fluorine ion? ___________
d. A Oxygen atom will (lose or gain) ______ electrons. How many? _______
Is the oxygen atom bigger or smaller than the oxygen ion? ___________
e. A Carbon atom will (lose or gain) _______electrons. How many? ______
Is the carbon atom bigger or smaller than the carbon ion? ___________
7.
Considering a
26Mg
atom and and a
26Mg2+
ion, label the following true or false:
_____ They both have the same number of protons
_____ They both have the same number of electrons
_____ They both have the same number of neutrons
_____ The magnesium ion has 14 electrons and the magnesium atom as 10 electrons
_____ The net charge on the magnesium ion is +2
_____ The Bohr model of the magnesium ion has 0 electrons in the outer most shell.
_____ The Mg2+ ion is larger than the Mg atom.
27
Periodic Table Unit
Extension Activity
PowerPoint Directions for Presentation:
1. Start with www.ptable.com. Click on the family (in the legend area of the
website) that you have been assigned. Take down information on your
worksheet. Hydrogen group – click directly on the Hydrogen square on the
periodic table.
2. Transition Metals, Lanthanoids, and Actinoids for the elements in the family –
list the range of atomic numbers --- do not name them all!! Example:
Transition metals range from 21 – 30 and ….
3. Go to 2 other websites – search for your family in a search engine to find
information. For “other” information, uses are good information to include.
Anything unusual or unique for that family would also be good to include.
4. Make the information into a powerpoint – have at least 4 slides. Use only a few
words per slide and bullet the information.
5. Each slide is to have at least one picture and at least one motion and/or
transition.
6. Store your information in my teacher file inbox in the correct class file. Once
you submit it, you will not be able to see it in my inbox.
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Project PT
Due Date ________
Name ___________________________________
Class Period _______ Clicker Number ________
Honors Chemistry – Project
Unit on "The Periodic Table"
(20 points) Your Assigned Element: _________________
Rather than having a major test over all we have covered concerning the elements and the information on the
periodic table, you will design a scale model of a selected element. The following is the grading rubric for this model:
Criteria for Grading
1. This visual aid is to be well designed and drawn.
2. Your element collage is to be made from stiff cardboard or a similar material and cut out
into the symbol of the element.
3. The piece is to be 11 inches high and 8 inches wide. From this piece of posterboard cut
out the symbol of your element.
4. At the top of your element symbol poke a small hole and place a Christmas tree ornament
hook or paper clip through the hole.
5. On the front of your element symbol you are to put your name and class number.
6. Then you are to place pictures of at least eight items (compounds or other materials) that
are made out of your element on the front.
Points
Possible
5
The creativity and neatness of your element collage. The overall neatness of your answers to
the above questions on the back of your element collage. Each section was marked
with the appropriate letter and placed in order. Information should be typed and
formatted to fit the back of your symbol.
4
On the back of your element symbol place the following information in letter order
labeled properly with the letter:
A. Who discovered your element and when?
B. Its atomic number and mass
C. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in its most common isotope
D. The electron configuration, orbital notation and dot notation
E. List 5 physical properties of your element. (be careful to distinguish between physical and
chemical properties.)
F. List 5 chemical properties of your element (you need to understand what a chemical
property is as opposed to a physical property.)
G. The abundance of your element by its percentage of the total mass of the earth's crust or
atmosphere, or lithosphere. Indicate which one.
H. Where is your element found primarily on or in the earth. If I were to look for this
element, where would be the best place to look.
I. List 5 compounds or other materials that contain your element
J. List at least 5 uses for your element
K. Unique information about your element - "Hey, that's pretty interesting!"
11
Points
Earned
1 point per
Letter
No Scoring Rubric
-5
Total Score:
20
If absent = will be due to me the day of your return or -3 points if turned in later in the day and -5 points each day the quest
project is late. If your element symbol is turned in without this rubric for scoring, you will lose 5 points.
29
Assignment # ____
Project PT
Name _____________________________________
Due Date ________
Class Number ______
Honors Chemistry – Project
Unit on "The Periodic Table"
Because one of the major purposes of this course is to expose each student to a broad overview of chemistry, one of
the best ways to do this is for each student to do some research on an element that interests them and make a presentation to
the class. You will be required to select an element that is listed below on a first come-first served basis on an announced
day. You will then research it using our school or public libraries, our textbook and any other resources you may find. The
entire project will be worth a total of 20 points. We will hopefully spend one day in the library and on the internet to expose
you to the material available for research and to get you started. The following is the list of the elements from which you
may choose:
Element
Name
Element
Name
1 - hydrogen
____________________________
15 - phosphorus
____________________________
2 - helium
____________________________
16 - sulfur
____________________________
3 - lithium
____________________________
17 - chlorine
____________________________
4 - beryllium
____________________________
18 - argon
____________________________
5 - boron
____________________________
19 - potassium
____________________________
6 - carbon
____________________________
20 - calcium
____________________________
7 - nitrogen
____________________________
26 - iron
____________________________
8 - oxygen
____________________________
28 - nickel
____________________________
9 - fluorine
____________________________
29 - copper
____________________________
10 - neon
____________________________
30 - zinc
____________________________
11 - sodium
____________________________
47 - silver
____________________________
12 - magnesium
____________________________
79 - gold
____________________________
13 - aluminum
____________________________
80 - mercury
____________________________
14 - silicon
____________________________
92 - uranium
____________________________
You will be responsible to select an element, research it and become the resident expert on this element for the rest of the
class. On the date listed present to me the information as listed on the rubric on the preceding page.
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