Dispatch
1) Write 10 facts about enzymes
2) We’ve had 6 exit quizzes, how many have you
mastered?
3) A student asked Ms. Morris, “Ms. Morris would
you get mad if I came in every Tuesday and
retook the quizzes.” What do you think Ms.
Morris replied
Pick up 2 papers and your 2 FRQs and Hardy Lab
Report
Think about the 4 structures of a
protein. Use your model if
necessary
Objectives
I can explain how the structure of a
protein affects its function
I can explain how substrate
concentration affects the rate of an
enzyme
I can identify and describe
characteristics of prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells
Why does a change in an
amino acid change the
quartnery structure of the
protein? Give a real life
example. Use at least 5 terms.
Underline
Proteins (Sickle-cell Disease)
– Results from a single
amino acid substitution
in the protein
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin structure and sicklecell disease
Primary
structure
Normal hemoglobin
Val
His Leu Thr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
Red blood
cell shape
Figure 5.21
Val
His
Leu Thr
structure 1 2 3 4
Secondary
 subunit and tertiary
structures
Quaternary Hemoglobin A
structure
Function
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Pro
GlulGlu . . . Primary


Molecules do
not associate
with one
another, each
carries oxygen.
Normal cells are
full of individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen


Quaternary
structure
...
Val
5 6 7
Pro
 subunit




Function
10 m
10 m
Red blood
cell shape
Exposed
hydrophobic
region
Glu
Hemoglobin S
Molecules
interact with
one another to
crystallize into a
fiber, capacity to
carry oxygen is
greatly reduced.
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin
deform cell into
sickle shape.
EnzymeSubstrate
Complex
Proteins (Denaturing)
• Conditions that affect
secondary and tertiary
structure:
• High temperature
• pH changes
• High concentrations of
polar molecules
• Denaturation: loss of 3dimensional structure and
thus function of the protein
Proteins (folding)
• Proteins can sometimes fold incorrectly and bind to the wrong ligands.
• Chaperonins are proteins that help prevent this.
Polypeptide
Cap
Correctly
folded
protein
Hollow
cylinder
Chaperonin
(fully assembled)
Figure 5.23
Steps of Chaperonin
Action:
1 An unfolded polypeptide enters the
cylinder from one end.
2 The cap attaches, causing
3 The cap comes
the cylinder to change shape in off, and the properly
such a way that it creates a
folded protein is
hydrophilic environment for the released.
folding of the polypeptide.
In Chapter 5, they mention sickle
cell disease.
How does this disease affect the
primary, secondary, tertiary
structures of the protein?
Reflect on scoring guide
• I can explain how the
structure of a protein
affects its function
I can explain how substrate
concentration affects the
rate of an enzyme
Make 4 boxes
Enzyme Structure
Denaturing an Enzyme
How Enzymes speed up
reactions
Enzyme graph and
explanation
Enzymes
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c
hapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.h
tml
ACTIVITY: Take 2 pieces of different
colored clay
• With 1 piece of clay, make the enzyme and its
active site
• With the other piece of clay, make the
substrates
• When told, we will make products
Denaturing
• http://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/ani
mations/Enzyme%20activity.html
How do enzymes speed up
reactions?
• http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/s
olutions/biology/enz1asml.gif
Draw and explain this graph
Toothpickase
Entrance Quiz Chapters 6 + 7
1) What role do ribosomes play in carrying out
genetic instructions?
2) Discuss 2 common characteristics of the
mitochondria and chloroplast.
3) Draw a cell membrane and label 2 components
4) Two molecules, CO2 and H2O can cross the
lipid bilayer without help from membrane bound
proteins, what allows them to do this?
5) Compare passive and active transport
Entrance Quiz Chapters 6 + 7
1)
What role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions?
RIBOSOMES GET INSTRUCTIONS FROM RNA TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
2) Discuss 2 common characteristics of the mitochondria and chloroplast.
BOTH HAVE A DOUBLE MEMBRANE, RIBOSOMES, AND THEIR OWN DNA
3) Draw a cell membrane and label 2 components
4) Two molecules, CO2 and H2O can cross the lipid bilayer without help from
membrane bound proteins, what allows them to do this?
THEY ARE SMALL MOLECULES + DIFFUSION?PASSIVE TRANSPORT
5) Compare passive and active transport
PASSIVE REQUIRES NO ENERGY, GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW
ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ATP ENERGY AND GOES FROM LOW TO
HIGH
Ecology, Evolution and Chemistry
Test
• Questions 16 + 30
CHAPTER 6
A TOUR OF THE CELL
I can identify and
describe characteristics
of prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells
Cytology: science/study of cells
Light microscopy resolving power~ measure of
clarity X400
 Electron microscopy
TEM ~ electron beam to study cell
ultrastructure
SEM ~ electron beam to study cell surfaces
 Cell fractionation ~ cell separation; organelle study
 Ultracentrifuge ~ cell fractionation; 130,000rpm
A cell is a living unit greater
than the sum of its parts
• While the cell has many structures that have
specific functions, they must work together.
• STRUCTURE=FUNCTION
Types of cells
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryote
animal cells
AP Biology
Eukaryote
plant cells
Cell Types: Prokaryotic
 Nucleoid: DNA
concentration
 No organelles with
membranes
Flagella—9 + 2 microtubules
 Cell wall made of cellulose (polysaccharide)
 Ribosomes:protein synthesis
 Plasma membrane: (all
cells); semi-permeable
 Cytoplasm/cytosol(all cells)
Cell types: Eukaryotic
Nucleus:membrane enclosed organelle containing
chromosomes
Membrane bound organelles of specialized
form and function
 Generally larger than prokaryotic cells
Why are cells small???
Cell Size
As cell size increases, the surface area to volume
ratio decreases
Rates of chemical exchange may then be
inadequate for cell size if TOO BIG
Cell size, therefore, remains small
Exit Quiz
1)List 10 facts about
enzymes
2) Draw and label a
prokaryote cell