Pages 520 – 538
Date
Functions of the Respiratory System
(pg. 520 – 521)
1. Breathing = process whereby fresh air moves
into & stale air moves out of lungs
vs.
1. Respiration = oxygen is used in a series of
chemical reactions to release energy in
glucose
Organs of the Respiratory System
(pg. 522 – 523)
1. Air enters through nostrils or through mouth
1. Nose hair filters dust particles & the nasal cavity warms &
moistens air w/ the help from mucus
2. Warm moist air moves into pharynx = tube like
passageway for both food & air
1. Epiglottis @ the end of pharynx flaps over 2 prevent food or
liquid 2 go into your larynx
3. Air then goes into larynx = where vocal cords R
attached
4. Next is the trachea = tube lined w/ cartilage 2 keep it
from collapsing
1. It’s lined w/ mucus & cilia to trap dust, bacteria, & pollen
Bronchi & Lungs (pg. 524)
1. After trachea in the bronchi = two short branches
that carry air into the lungs
2. Within the lungs, bronchi then branch off into
bronchioles = smaller tubes
3. At the end of each bronchiole are clusters of thinwalled sacs = alveoli
1. They look like grapes & R surrounded w/ capillaries
4. Lungs = an organ made up of masses of alveoli
Inhale & Exhale (pg. 525)
1. Diaphragm = muscle beneath your lungs that
helps move air in & out of your body
1. It contract & relaxes as U breathe
2. Inhale  diaphragm contracts & moves
down expanding rib cage (greater volume,
lower air pressure) 2 allow air in
3. Exhale  diaphragm relaxes & moves up
lowering rib cage (less volume, high air
pressure) 2 allow air out
Diseases & Disorders (pg. 527 – 529)
1. Many serious diseases R related 2 smoking, polluted air, &
coal dust
2. Chronic bronchitis = bronchial tubes R irritated & too much
mucus is produced
1. 2 much coughing can harm tubes & cilia  scarring lung tissue
…. can progress 2 emphysema
3. Emphysema = alveoli in lungs lose the ability 2 expand &
contract
1. Less O2 in bloodstream, heart works harder, can lead 2 heart
damage
4. Lung cancer = cancer (uncontrolled growth of cells) in lungs,
which is triggered by inhaling carcinogens
5. Asthma = disorder of lungs, shortness of breath, wheezing,
coughing
1. Bronchial tubes contract
Excretory System (pg. 533)
1. Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and skin all
work together 2 excrete wastes
2. Excretory organs = kidneys, lungs, & skin
3. Urinary system = organs that rid your blood
of wastes produced by the metabolism of
nutrients
1. Controls blood volume by eliminating excess
water & balances certain salts
Organs of Urinary System
(pg. 534 – 535)
1. Kidneys = filter blood that has collected wastes
from cells
2. Kidneys R each made up of about 1 million
nephrons, which are tiny filtering units
3. Urine = contains excess water, salts, & other
wastes not reabsorbed by the body
4. Urine then flows to the ureters = tubes that lead
from kidney 2 bladder = elastic, muscular organs
that stores urine until it leaves through urethra
How to all works…
1. Blood enters kidneys through aorta (artery)
2. Then, blood enters the nephrons
3. Wastes in the blood R removed & stored in little
cuplike structures
4. Then, capillaries reabsorb needed water, sugars &
salts
5. The renal vein returns purified blood 2 B circulated
6. Urine drains from collecting tubule into funnel
shaped tube
7. Urine travels from ureters 2 bladder
8. Urine flows from bladder through urethra out of
body
Water Losses (pg. 535)
1. U lose water through your skin each day by
sweating
2. U also lose water when breathing (water
vapor)
3. Small amounts of water are lost through the
digestive system too
Diseases and Disorders (pg. 537 – 538)
1. When urinary system does work waste
products build up & act as poisons in the
body
1. Water can accumulates & causes swelling
2. Imbalance of salts prevents normal cell
functioning
3. Kidney failure can lead 2 death
2. A person who has damaged kidneys will need
dialysis = blood is filtered through an artificial
kidney machine