Bellwork: Monday, February 23
1. Pick up Lesson 12 Study Guide
2. Write your name on the front page
3. Draw the 7 continents and 4 major
oceans on the back (you may refer to
the map on p. 618) you have 5
minutes to finish.
4. Read about the disputed election on
page. 361, be prepared to discuss.
Bellwork: Wednesday, February 25
1. Read Chapter 13, Section 2 & 3
2. Answer study guide questions #16-27
The answer to # 28 is:
54’ 40’ or Fight
Thursday, March 5
1. Get a piece of copy paper and
write your name on it.
2. Do not do anything else until
told to do so.
Wednesday, March 4
1. Pick up 3 handounts from front table
2. Get in a group of 2-3 people
3. Read the handouts and discuss the
answers to the following questions:
1)What are some of the major components of the idea
of Manifest Destiny?
2)What did the 19th century Americans value? Where
did they look for their national identity?
3)How would you describe the Mexican perspective?
What did the Mexicans most value? Where did they
look for their national identity?
4)Think about ways that these different perspectives
may have contributed to conflicts among these
peoples.

Adams
 Spent life studying
politics
 Favored a large
Federal
Government
 Not well liked;
described as a “cold
personality.”
 Viewed as a
wealthy aristocrat.

Jackson
 From Rural
Tennessee
 Favored small
Federal Government
 Well liked; very
charismatic
 Gained respect of
“everyday”
Americans
 Represented the
“Self-Made man”
The Corrupt Bargain
John Q. Adams and Henry Clay
Jackson thought he was cheated
out of the presidency. Clay was given
a position in the cabinet for helping
Adams win.
WHY?
1. The Unpopular President: John Quincy Adams
News of corrupt bargain bothered people;
Many of his programs were disliked.
The rise of democracy!
2. Democratic Party
Jackson won
presidency in
1828.
Most of his
support came
from the South,
West, and Eastern
factory workers.
THE SPOILS SYSTEM
After being elected,
Jackson fired many
government employees
and replaced them with
his supporters.
Although this practice
had been quietly
followed by previous
presidents, Jackson
openly defended it. He
declared shortly after
his election,
“To the victor belong
the spoils of the
enemy.”
Party Symbols by Thomas Nast

Republican
-dignified
-strong
-conservative
But…….
-bungling
-pompous

Democrat
-humble
-smart
-persistent
But…….
-stubborn
-homely
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
The Indian Removal Act was passed by
Congress and provided federal funds to
remove N.A. from eastern U.S.

At first Native Americans refused.

Jackson used his powers as President and sent
troops.

They were forced to sign treaties at gun point.

John Ross led march to Oklahoma.

Brutal weather………….. ………….frozen grounds…
………….heavy burdens…………………many, many
died……………….
Evaluate the impact
Forced to reservations in Oklahoma
Territory.
 Those who resisted were imprisoned or
killed.
 Many died on the journey West.
 Lands were taken from them.

Osceola Makes War

Seminole leader who refused to give up land in
Florida and declared war against the federal
government. (drove a knife through the treaty)

“I love my land and I will not go from it.”
1837- captured - put in prison
in North Carolina


He died in January 1838
3. Map represents the Trail of Tears.
4. As a result of the Indian Removal Act,
the Cherokee were forced westward.
5. Martin Van Buren

After two “successful”
terms in office, Jackson
did not run again.

Martin Van Buren of New
York, Jackson’s Vice
President, won election of
the presidency in 1836

8th President
Problems

National Bank had closed.

Many states began to print paper money at a
rapid pace.

Banks did not have enough specie to back up the
money.

Prices increased.

Speculators were everywhere.

Too many people used “credit.”
Panic of 1837

Jackson demanded
=land only be bought
with specie. (gold, silver)

Land prices fell.

People could not
pay debts.

Banks could not
recover loans they had
made.

People panicked.

In a domino effect, the prices
of cotton dropped and the
price of manufactured goods
in the Northeast also fell, and
farmers out west had a bad
crop due to bad weather.
depression=businesses decline; jobs are lost
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
Van Buren =
government
should leave the
economy alone
the panic took a
while to be
relieved
Van Buren =The Federal Treasury
to prevent
another
panic…..
6. William Henry Harrison
The Election of 1840
The Whigs =rich and well-todo, wanted to change this
image.
They wanted a candidate that
could appeal to the common
people.
They chose war hero William
Henry Harrison.
7. The Log Cabin Campaign
 With Americans having no
way of knowing Harrison’s
true past, the Whigs
bombarded the nation
portraying Harrison as a
simple, frontiersman.
 The key to their campaign
was saying that Harrison was
born in a log cabin.
 His campaign became known
simply as the “Log Cabin
Campaign”.
 The strategy worked.
The Death of William Henry Harrison
Harrison was only in office for one month.
While campaigning, he got sick, and then
gave his acceptance speech in very bad
weather.
8. Harrison caught
pneumonia, and died.
His Vice President, John Tyler, became
the first Vice President to become
president upon the death of an acting
president.
WHY TRAVEL TO OREGON COUNTRY?
9. Fertile soil, mild climate, and
fur bearing animals
CLAIMING OREGON COUTNRY
10.
•U.S.
•Great Britain
•Russia
•Spain
The Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Doomed Donner Party
CANNIBALISM
Of the 83 members of
the Donner Party,
only 45 survived to
get to California!
James Reed & Wife
IMPORTANCE OF MOUNTAIN MEN
11. Evaluate the IMPORTANCE OF
MOUNTAIN MEN
Davy Crockett
Jedediah Smith
James Beckworth
Jim Bridger
Manuel Lisa
discovered mountain
passes that later
became major roads
and routes
Yellowstone National Park
First national park
established in
13. Missionaries- first white Americans to settle
permanently in Oregon/helped Native Americans/
helped create interest in the West
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
14. Oregon Trail
Problems?
15. Cholera and other diseases
Key Figures in Texas Independence,
1836
16. Stephen Austin
Mexico wanted settlers to
develop the land and help
control Indian attacks
Conflict between Mexico and American
Settlers
17.
-Texas settlers felt no loyalty to
Mexico
-Mexico feared losing Texas due
to so many Americans
coming in.
1830: banning of Anglo-immigration
Mexican Constitution = Gone
19. Sam Houston
March 1836
20. Siege Texans resisted large numbers
of Mexicans troops for 12
days. Other Texans were
inspired to continue the fight
for freedom.
Remember the Alamo!
Victory at last…
Santa Anna
captured….
21. The Battle
of San Jacinto
22. Problems for Texas After Independence
--Mexico refused to recognize
Texas independence.
--Financial problems
--Indian attacks on communities
Annexation of Texas
23. People were divided about whether to annex
Texas. Texas wanted to enter as a slave state.
Northerners didn’t want another slave state in
the Union.
--Jackson & Van Buren = No!
--Northerners = No!
--Southerners = Yes!
In 1840,
Mexico ruled
California
and all of the
Southwest.
24. New Mexico Territory
(Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah)
**and some of Colorado & Wyoming**
Vaqueros
America’s “first true cowboys”
25. “Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John
O’Sullivan in 1845.
".... the right of our Manifest Destiny to over spread and
to possess the whole of the continent which Providence
has given us for the development of the great experiment of
liberty and development of self-government
entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the
space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of
its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of
romance and adventure emerged.
26. John Tyler
--10th president
--Dropped out of race for
re-election
--weak support
--worked to annex Texas
27. James K. Polk

11th President of the
United States

Wants expansion
(Texas and Oregon)
--effective campaign
The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!
28.
54’40 or Fight
29.
U.S. and Britain
agreed to divide
the land and
signed a treaty.
The Texas Trick to Get Annexed!!!

U.S. recognized in 1837
 Uneasy peace
 Houston’s trick

30. Congress passed
a joint resolution
admitting Texas as a
state in 1845 because
they were afraid that
Texas may ally with
Britain.

Texas=1845 (28th state)
The Brink of War
James K. Polk sends troops to Mexico.
The Mexican War (1846-1848) Declared on May 13….
31. Causes of the Mexican War?
1. Annexation of Texas
2. Americans wanted California.
3. Belief in Manifest Destiny
32. The final incident for Congress?
Boundary disputes/clash at Rio Grande
(American and Mexican troops argue about boundaries.)
The Bombardment of Vera Cruz
33. “Mr. Polk’s War”
34. The Bear Flag Republic-California
The Revolt - June 14, 1846
John C. Frémont
California joined U.S. forces in 1847.
35. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ~1848
Nicholas Trist,
American Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
The Treaty was basically FORCED on Mexico!
==Mexico CEDED claims to Texas above the Rio
Grande River.
==Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
==U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay
the claims of American citizens against Mexico
(over $3,500,000).
36. Cede (give up) = The Mexican Cession
Results of the Mexican War
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+
American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the
explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.
* Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power
between North and South.
4. Created two popular generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny realized.
6. Mexican Americans and Native Americans = treated unfairly
37. To complete a railroad
The Gadsden Purchase-1853
38. Mining, irrigation skill, language,
farming, architecture, food
Welcome Back!!! Have your study guide
out and pencil sharpened 
39. Mormons = largest group in Mexican Cession
40. Joseph Smith-Founder and
first leader of Mormons
41. Refuge – a place where someone is
safe from persecution
42. Brigham Young was the
Morman leader who led the
group to settle in Utah. The
Mormans moved west to
escape religious
persecution.
43. John Sutter
Rushing to California
Site of the first MILL
gold
SUTTER’S
find in California
44. The Forty-Niners
INSIDE A MINING CAMP CABIN
Mining was tough - supplies were very expensive,
gamblers and thieves were everywhere
Most in tents
No police, no prisons
Crime=problem!!
45. Vigilantes…
people that handed out punishment
even though they had no legal right
to do so in an effort to reduce
crime.
46. Lynched – hanged without a trial
The End of the Gold Rush
47. Ghost towns
48.
Gold Rush
population increased
Native Americans
laborers/reservations
California Enters As A Free State.
the 31st state on September 9, 1850
CHINESE INFLUENCE IN
THE CALIFORNIA GOLD
RUSH
49. San Francisco
ROUTES TO THE GOLD
FIELDS OF CALIFORNIA
Only about 1 in a 100
became wealthy
because of gold.
Lasting Effects of the Gold Rush
50. People came from all over
the world and settled
in California. CA has
the most diverse
population in the WORLD.
By 1860, almost 300,000
people had traveled the
Oregon & California
Trails to the Pacific coast.
California Fun Facts:

California has the largest economy in the United States.


The Gold Rush sparked the biggest mass migration in the history of the
world.
More than 80% of the gold in California is still yet to be found.

One out of every eight United States residents lives in California .

California holds within it the most diverse environment on the planet.

Between 1848 and 1852, four short years, California's population
grew from 14,000 to 223,000.

The state motto is Eureka !, a Greek word translated "I have
found it!" The motto was adopted in 1849 and originates from the
discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada .
19.
The “Accidental President,”
John Tyler, was responsible for
the annexation of Texas.
20.
The “Expansionist” President,
James K. Polk, demanded
Manifest Destiny for the U.S.
21.
As Zachary Taylor served
less than a year as president,
the 49er’s were seeking gold.