Glenco chapter 1
Biology: The study of life
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Biosphere, Ecosystem , Community, Population, Organism, Organ, Tissue,
Cellular, Molecular
Biosphere: All of the parts of the Earth inhabited by living organisms
Ecosystem: All the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) in a given area
Organism: One individual living organism
Cellular: Life’s basic unit of structure; all living organisms are made of
cells
Molecular: DNA
Classification
Three Domains:
Domain Archaea
mostly unicellular prokaryotic cells
Domain Bacteria
mostly unicellular prokaryotic cells
Domain Eukarya
both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic cells
Classification
Kingdoms: Monara, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Ten Themes
Biological systems, Cellular basis of life, Form and function, Reproduction
and inheritance, Interaction with environment, Energy, Regulation, Adaptation
and evolution, Biology and society, Scientific inquiry
Biological Systems
Levels of organization
Arrangement & interaction of properties
Human system
Nerve cell, nerve tissue, organ, nervous system
Ecosystem
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
Cellular Basis of Life
All living organisms are made of cells, All cells come from preexisting
cells, Prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells
Form & Function
All parts of an organism is due to its function, Birds wing and bones,
Flowers
Result of evolution
Reproduction & Inheritance
DNA is the source of heritable information
Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity
Asexual reproduction relies only of mutations of DNA for genetic variation
Interaction With Environment
All organisms in an ecosystem interact
Removing one species could have drastic effects on the entire ecosystem
If new organisms are added to an ecosystem, this too could have devastating
consequences !
Energy and Life
Energy flows through an ecosystem
The sun is the source of the energy
Producers: Convert solar energy into chemical energy
Consumers: Ingest producers and release stored chemical energy
Regulation
Homeostasis: The regulation of internal environment , Usually controlled by
chemicals
Adaptations & Evolution
Adaptation: An inherited trait that helps an individual organism
Evolution: The generational change of the genetic composition of a population
Natural selection: Nature selects which traits give a population an advantage
for survival and reproduction
What is science?
Observation is the basis of scientific inquiry
Data: The record of the observations
–
Quantitative: Collection of metric measurements from observations
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Qualitative: Descriptions based on observations
Inferences: A logical conclusion based on observations
Generalization: A logical conclusion from scientists based on the data
Scientific Method
Observations, Questions (research), Hypothesis, Prediction, Test (controlled
experiment), conclusion
What is a hypothesis?
Controlled experiment: Parallel experiments where one variable is changed in
one trial
Control: The trial that does not have the variable changed
The trials of the variable is compared to the control
Peer review
Evidence: Collection of data from observations
Theory: A well-tested explanation based on repeated tests. Best explanation
based on the collected data
Models: A physical, mental, or mathematical representation of a process or
idea