Vitamins
are essential organic compounds
that the animal organism is not capable of forming itself, although it
requires them in small amounts for metabolism.
Most vitamins are
precursors of coenzymes
precursors of hormones
or act a antioxidants
Color atlas of biochemistry
Vitamin requirements
vary from species to species and are influenced
by age, sex, and physiological conditions such
as pregnancy, breast-feeding, physical
exercise, and nutrition.
Vitamins are classified as:
The lipid-soluble vitamins
include vitamins A, D, E, and K
the water-soluble vitamin
include vitamins B1(thiamin)
,B2 (riboflavin),folic acid
(folcine), H(biotin).
Color atlas of biochemistry
present in liver, egg yolk, and other foods.
synthesized by the intestinal flora.
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry
In the body, biotin is covalently attached via a
lysine side chain to enzyme
that catalyze carboxylation reactions.
Biotin-dependent carboxylases include pyruvate
carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase .
CO2 binds, using up ATP, to one of the two
N atoms of biotin .
Play an important role in fat, amino
acid,and carbohydrate metabolism.
Color atlas of biochemistry
• Biotin deficiency is extremely rare.
• Some potential causes of biotin deficiency are:
intravenous feeding .
eating raw egg whites on a regular basis.
carboxylase deficiency.
Supplementing with biotin appears
• helpful for the treatment of this deficiency.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-biotin.html
Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism
alopecia and a characteristic scaly, erythematous
dermatitis
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, www.pubmed.com
Folacin
*Folic acid,
folate,vit.B9
*water-soluble
vitamin
Source
Biochemical role
- Essential role in
Metabolism
-Red blood cells,
white blood cells,
or cells of the
intestinal mucous
membrane
pharmacotherapy
•
Biochemical role
Folacin (polyglutamate form )
monoglutamate
Small intestine
cobalamin-dependent reaction
tetrahydrofolate
pharmacotherapy
Biochemical role
tetrahydrofolate
carrier
choline
purine
methionine
pyrimidine
Biochemical role
- decrease the incidence of neural tube
defects without masking occult vitamin
B12 deficiency.
Deficiency of folacin
Causes:
Inadequate dietary intake
malnutrition
malabsorption
increased utilization
Martindale
Risk factors:
* Pregnancy or lactation
*malignancy
*liver disease
*alcoholism
*chronic hemolytic
anemia
*Elevated homocysteine
level in the blood
http:/www.springboard4health.com
Symptoms:
*Sore mouth
*Diarrhea
*Irritability and forgetfulness
Handbook of nonprescription drugs
Diseases
*Megaloblastic Anemia -Affects cells that are dividing rapidly
- they have a large requirement for
thymidine for DNA synthesis.
- affects the bone marrow
http:/www.springboard4health.com
Diseases
*environmental carcinogens.
* promotes the breakage of chromosomes at
fragile sties.
*prohibit normal differentiation and replication