Rowntree et. al.
Modified by
Joe Naumann,
UMSL
Chapter 7:
(Fig. 7.1)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 2
• Learn about Southwest Asia and North Africa
• Understand the role of Islam in shaping the history and current political situation in this region
• Understand role of oil and water in shaping this region
• Become familiar with the physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of
Southwest Asia & North Africa (SW Asia & N Africa)
• Appreciate region’s historic & current relative location.
• Understand these concepts and models:
Exotic rivers
-Green Line
-Hajj
-Islamic fundamentalism
-Monotheism
OPEC
-Levant
Maghreb
Pastoral nomadism
-Transhumance
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 3
• SW Asia and N Africa extend 4,000 miles
• This region is a culture hearth – a region that witnesses many cultural innovations that subsequently diffuse to other parts of world
• Development of petroleum industry has had large impact on the region
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
– member countries profoundly influence global prices and production targets for petroleum
• Islamic fundamentalism – this aspect of Islam that advocates return to more traditional practices, calls for merger of civil and religious authority, and challenges encroachment of global popular culture
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 4
Enhanced by human actions
•
• Trade
• Migration
•
•
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 5
6
7
•
• ARIDITY
• OIL
•
• CULTURE
HEARTHS
• WORLD
RELIGIONS
• CONFLICT
8
• A long history of human settlement in SW Asia and N
Africa has left its mark on the environment
• Regional Landforms
• SW Asia is more mountainous than N Africa
• North Africa
• Maghreb (“West Island”) –includes Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; dominated by the Atlas Mountains
• Southwest Asia
• Levant – eastern Mediterranean region of Southwest
Asia has mountains and highlands
• Anatolia – peninsula of Turkey (“Asia Minor”) is a geologically active plateau
• Mesopotamia –Iraq between the Tigris & Euphrates
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 9
ATLAS MTS .
ANATOLIAN
PLATEAU
CAUCASUS MTS
ZAGROS
MTS
IRANIAN
PLATEAU
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 10
ANATOLIA
MESOPOTAMIA
LEVANT
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 11
Physical
Geography of
Southwest
Asia &
North
Africa
(Fig. 7.4)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 12
Environmental Geography: Life in a Fragile
World
(cont.)
• Patterns of Climate
• Complex climate region because of altitude & latitude
• Large portions of the region are arid
• Deserts stretch from Atlantic coast across Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, and into central and eastern Iran
• Mediterranean climates in Atlas Mountains and the
Levant coastline caused by altitude and latitude
• Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape
• Lengthy human settlement has led to environmental problems
• Deforestation and Overgrazing
• Human activities and natural conditions have reduced most of the forests to grass and scrub
• Caused by overgrazing, fires; vulnerable to fire
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 13
Climate Map of Southwest Asia & N Africa
(Fig. 7.7)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 14
NEGEV DESERT
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 15
• Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape (cont.)
• Salinization
• Buildup of toxic salts in the soil from centuries of irrigation
• Hundreds of 1000s of acres of farmland degraded
• Managing Water
• Availability of water a problem throughout the region
• Qanat system – Iranian process of tapping into groundwater by a series of gently sloping tunnels
• Egypt built Aswan High Dam to store water, generate energy, but it has created environmental problems
• Libya’s “Great Man-made River” draws underground fossil water 600 miles to irrigate crops in the north of the country
• Hydropolitics – interplay of water resource issues and politics
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 16
• Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processes .
• 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditions (the most concentrated region of scarcity in the world).
• The North African states all have rates of natural increase above 2.0%, increasing the stress on water sources.
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 17
Environmental Issues in SW Asia & N Africa
(Fig. 7.10)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 18
• Dry areas are scarcely settled, while moist lands may be overpopulated
• The Geography of Population
• More than 400 million people in the region
• Physiological densities among Earth’s highest
• Physiological densities – a statistic that relates the number of people to the amount of arable land
• Two dominant population clusters:
• Maghreb: moister areas of Atlas Mountains and coastal regions
• Egypt’s Nile River valley: 70 million live within 10 miles of the river
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 19
Population Map of SW Asia & N Africa
(Fig. 7.13)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 20
• Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns
• Region is early hearth of agricultural domestication
• Domestication – process in which plants and animals were purposefully selected and bred for their desirable characteristics; it began in this region 10,000 years ago
• Fertile Crescent – ecologically diverse zone that stretches from Levant inland through the fertile hill country of northern Syria into Iraq
• Pastoral Nomadism
• Traditional form of subsistence agriculture based on seasonal movement of livestock
• Transhumance – seasonal movement of livestock from winter to summer pastures
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 21
• Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns
• Oasis Life
• Areas where high groundwater or deep-water wells provide reliable moisture
• Small agricultural settlements
• Serve as trading centers as well
• Exotic rivers – a river that comes from a humid area and flows into a dry area that otherwise lacks streams, can support irrigation
• Kibbutzes – collectively worked settlements that produce grain, vegetable, and orchard crops irrigated by the Jordan River and feeder canals
• The Challenge of Dryland Agriculture
• Depends on seasonal moisture (associated with
Mediterranean regions)
• Includes tree crops, livestock, grains, and illegal hashish
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 22
Agricultural Regions of SW Asia & N Africa
(Fig. 7.14)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 23
• Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns
• Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint
• Some of the world’s oldest urban areas are in this region
• A Long Urban Legacy
• City life began in Mesopotamia (Eridu & Ur 3500 B.C.), and Egypt (Memphis & Thebes 3000 B.C.)
• Rise of trade centers around 2000 B.C.
• Centers of Islamic religious administration and education
• Examples: Baghdad, Cairo
• The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city is called a medina , has central mosque, bazaar
• Colonialism left European influence
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 24
SIMILAR PATTERN IN FORMER SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 25
Patterns in an
Arid Land
(cont.)
• Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns
• Signatures of Globalization
• Urban centers have become focal points of economic growth (Ex: Cairo, Algiers, Istanbul)
• Oil wealth added modern element to traditional cities
• A Region on the Move
• Migration streams
• Rural-to-urban migration
• Migration of low-wage workers from other regions to SW Asia and N Africa
• Migration of workers from the regions to other places (ex.: Turkish guestworkers to Germany)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 26
Patterns in an
Arid Land
(cont.)
• Shifting Demographic Patterns
• Population growth rates vary within the region
• Women in Tunisia, Iran, and Turkey are having fewer children
• Causes include delayed marriage, family planning initiatives, greater urbanization
• High rates of natural increase in West Bank, Gaza, and Libya
• Increasing population will strain cities, water supplies, public services
• Jobs will be needed for the people added to the population
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 27
Cultural Coherence, Diversity, and Complexity
• Patterns of Religion
• Hearth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition
• Jews & Christians trace roots to East Mediterranean
• Monotheism – belief in one God
• The Emergence of Islam
• Originated in Southwest Asia in A.D. 622
• In the Judeo-Christian Tradition, sharing many of the same prophets, including Abraham, Moses, & Jesus
• Quran – Koran; believed by Muslims to be a book of revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (God), representing God’s highest religious and moral revelations
• Islam means “submission to the will of God”
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 28
JUDAISM?????????????????
North
America
Middle
America
South
America
CHRISTIANITY ISLAM HINDUISM BUDHISM
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 29
DOME OF THE ROCK
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 30
THE WESTERN WALL
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 31
CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 32
(Fig. 7.21)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 33
• Patterns of Religion (cont.)
• The Emergence of Islam (cont.)
• Five pillars
1.
Repeat the basic creed to accept Islam (“There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet”)
2. Pray five times daily facing Makkah (Mecca)
3. Give charitable contributions
4. Fast during month of Ramadan
5. Make at least one religious pilgrimage (Hajj) to
Makkah
• Theocratic state – one in which religious leaders
(ayatollahs) guide policy; Iran is an example
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 34
• The Emergence of Islam (cont.)
• Early major religious split divided Islam - still exists
• Shiites – current name of group that favored passing power on within Muhammad’s own family
• Sunnis – current name of group that favored passing power through established clergy; emerged victorious
• Ottoman Empire – vast empire (Turks; included southeastern Europe and most of Southwest Asia and North Africa, circa 1453)
• Modern Religious Diversity
• Muslims majority, except for in Israel and Cyprus
• Sunni (73%); Shiites (23%) dominant in Iran, southern Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, and Bahrain
• Sufism in region’s margins, and Druze of Lebanon
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 35
(Fig. 7.19)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 36
Millions
168.3
180
160
140
128.8 125
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
104
REALM!
62 61.7
57.1
18.2
Muslims
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Turkey
Iran
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
37
• Geographies of Language
• Semites and Berbers
• Semite languages: Arabic and Hebrew
• Berber – older Afro-Asiatic language
• Found in Atlas Mountains and Sahara region
• Persians and Kurds
• Both groups speak Indo-European languages
• Persian dominates the Iranian Plateau
• Kurdish in northern Iraq, northwest Iran, and eastern Turkey
• The Turkish Imprint
• Part of Altaic family
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 38
(Fig. 7.23)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 39
Turks
Kurds
Azerbijianis
Arabs
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
Persians
Bakhtiari
Lur
40
• Regional Cultures in Global Context
• Islamic Internationalism
• Islamic communities well-established in central
China, European Russia, central Africa, southern
Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, elsewhere
• Muslim congregations expanding in urban areas of western Europe and North America
• Globalization and Cultural Change
• Global economy is having impact on traditional cultural values
• Fundamentalism a reaction
• Access to satellite TV, cell phones, the internet brings global culture to the region
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 41
• The Colonial Legacy
• European colonialism came late to the region
• Dominance of Ottoman Empire
• Widespread European colonialism after WWI
• Many political boundaries set by colonial powers
• Imposing European Power
• French in Algeria since 1800, later in Tunisia,
Morocco, Syria and Lebanon
• Britain in Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf by 1900
• Suez Canal – British-engineered canal linking Mediterranean and Red seas in 1869
• European banks influenced Egyptian economy
• British instrumental in establishing Saudi Arabia
• Italians in Libya, Spanish in Morocco
• Turkey, Iran (Persia) never occupied
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 42
• Imposing European Power (cont.)
• Decolonization and Independence
• Europeans began to withdraw before WWII
• By 1950 most countries independent
• Algeria independent in 1962
• Modern Geopolitical Issues
• The Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Creation of Israel in 1948
• 3 wars: 1956, 1967 (Israel gained most land), 1973
• Intifada (1987) – Palestinian uprisings protesting
Jewish settlements
• Ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 43
• Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)
• Troubled Iraq
• Born in colonial era, carved from British Empire in
1932
• Many different groups: Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds,
Marsh Arabs
• U.S. has troops in Iraq, conflict continues
• Politics of Fundamentalism
• Originated in Iran, 1978 –1979
• Shiite clerics (Khomeni) overthrew Shah
• Sudanese fundamentalists overthrew democracy in 1989
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 44
Geopolitical Issues in SW Asia & N Africa
(Fig. 7.25)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 45
• Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)
• Conflicts Within States
• Lebanon – conflict among Sunni and Shiite Muslims and Christians
• Result of spread of Palestinian refugees to region
• Cyprus – conflict between Greece and Turkey
• Green Line – demarcation set up by UN peacekeepers that divides the capital of Nicosia in
Cyprus
• An Uncertain Political Future
• International political relations remain complex
• Israel, Turkey are U.S. allies; Iran, Syria oppose U.S.
• Oil plays a role
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 46
• HIGH INCOMES
• MODERNIZATION
• INDUSTRIALIZATION
• REGIONAL
DISPARITIES
• FOREIGN
INVESTMENT IN THIS
REALM
• INVESTMENT IN
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 47
• The Geography of Fossil Fuels
• Oil unevenly distributed in the area
• Saudi Arabia, Iran, U.A.E., Libya, Algeria contribute significantly to oil production, while
Morocco & Sudan have few developed reserves
• Region has 7% of the world’s population; holds
68% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves
• Regional Economic Patterns
• Higher-Income Oil Exporters
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A.E.
• Cultural landscape reshaped because of oil wealth
• Not all benefit – rural Shiite Muslims and foreign workers
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 48
• Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)
• Lower-Income Oil Exporters
• Algeria: oil and natural gas are its top exports; but political instability remains a problem
• Iran: huge oil reserves, but long war with Iraq (1980-
90), & fundamentalist government withdrawal from world trade under have lowered living standards
• Prospering Without Oil
• Israel has highest living standard in the region
• Turkey has a diversified economy; has seen growth
• Economic reforms in Tunisia
• Lebanon has potential for prosperity through tourism
& telecommunications
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 49
• Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)
• Regional Patterns of Poverty
• Sudan’s economy ruined by civil war
• Morocco is poorer than Algeria or Tunisia and suffers from brain drain
• Brain drain – phenomenon in which some of brightest young people leave for better jobs in Western Europe
• Egypt’s prospects unclear, with growth in
1990s, but large gaps between rich and poor
• Yemen is poorest country in the Arabian
Peninsula
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 50
• Issues of Social Development
• Varied Regional Patterns
• Israel has high living standard; but Jewish majority doing much better than Muslim minority
• Saudi Arabia has lower figures of social well-being than might be expected
• A Woman’s Changing World
• World’s lowest female workforce participation
• In some countries of the region, women not allowed to work outside of the home or drive
• In Iran, women’s roles changing
• Libya sees modernizing women’s role as a high priority
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 51
• Global Economic Relationships
• Changing Global Linkages
• Oil is the major export of the region
• Oil makes up 70% of region’s exports
• OPEC still influences cost & availability of petroleum
• Turkey exports textiles, food products, and manufactured goods
• Israeli exports include cut diamonds, electronics, machinery parts
• Tourism - religious, historical sites, & other activities
• Regional Connections
• Relationships with EU are critical; Turkey asks in EU
• Arab League formed in 1945
• Arab Free-Trade Area (1998)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 52
(Fig. 7.31)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 53
• Global Economic Relationships
• The Geography of Tourism
• Ancient historical sites and globally significant religious localities are a large draw
• Tourist hotels and condos on the Mediterranean
• Ecotourism
• Tourism is a large part of the regional economy in
Turkey, Israel, and Egypt
• Impacts to visual landscape, physical environment, and archeological sites
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 54
• Taking a closer look!
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 55
• CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION > 5,000 YEARS
• WATER HAS BEEN THE KEY TO ITS
DEVELOPMENT
• 95% OF EGYPT’S 71 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE
WITHIN 12 MILES OF THE NILE
• BASIN IRRIGATION
• PERENNIAL IRRIGATION - MID 1800s
• ASWAN HIGH DAM - 1968
• INCREASED AGRICULTURAL LAND BY 50%
• PROVIDES 40% OF ELECTRICITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 56
• LAKE NASSER FLOODED
LARGE AREAS
• SILTING OF LAKE NASSER
• NATURAL SILTING OF FARM
LAND WAS STOPPED
• ERODING OF THE NILE DELTA
• LOSS OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE
LAND
• HARMED FISHING INDUSTRY
IN THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 57
• Strategic Situation
• Cairo – Primate City
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 58
• Atlas Mountains
- Fertile
Coastline
- Rain Shadow
Effect
• French
Colonialism
• Oil-Rich Libya
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 59
• SAHEL - ARABIC WORD FOR
BORDER OR MARGIN –
VERY MARGINAL
AGRICULTURAL LAND
• A ZONE WHERE PEOPLE
ARE ETHNICALLY AFRICAN
BUT CULTURALLY ARAB
• DESERTIFICATION -
PRINCIPAL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
• CULTURAL AND POLITICAL
INSTABILITY
• NORTH VERSUS SOUTH -
MUSLIM VERSUS NON-
MUSLIM PATTERNS
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 60
• Original home & religious hearth of Jews
• 70 AD Romans destroy Temple & Jews flee
• 312 CE, Christianity dominant in Roman
Empire
• Around 700 CE Muslims conquered Islam becomes the dominant religion – Jews are minority people there
• World War I – Allies offered independence to the Arabs if they revolted against the Turks
AND the British promise a national homeland to the Jews in the Balfour
Declaration
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 61
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
BORN AND
SUSTAINED IN
CONFLICT –
AND WAR!
• 1948
• 1956
• 1967
• 1973
• Late 1990s, hopes for peace were raised
• Undeclared war 2002 -
2005
62
• THE GOLAN HEIGHTSRETURN TO SYRIA?
• THE SECURITY ZONERETURN TO LEBANON?
• JERUSALEMHOLY CITY FOR WHO? A MAJOR
“STICKING POINT.”
• THE WEST BANKPALESTINIAN HOMELAND?
• THE PALESTINIANSREFUGEE PROBLEM LED
TO THE P.L.O.
WHICH LED TO TERRORISM
• ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST BANK
• ARAB/ISLAMIC DISRUPTIONIMPACT OF
EXTREMIST GROUPS – BOTH SIDES CAN BE
SEEN AS TERRORISTS!
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 63
ARABIAN
PENINSULA
SOME OF THE
MOST ARID
LAND IN THE
WORLD
BIRTH PLACE OF
ISLAM – SITE OF
THE KAABA
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 64
Natural
Gas
Oil
Deposits
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 65
• SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, BAHRAIN, QATAR,
UAE, OMAN, YEMEM
• OIL, DESERT, & STRATEGIC LOCATION
• SAUDI ARABIA- 22.9 MILLION PEOPLE
WITH THE WORLD’S GREATEST OIL
RESERVES –
• VERY CONSERVATIVE PRACTICE OF ISLAM
• MONARCHY WALKS CULTURAL “THIN LINE”
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 66
• TURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• NOMADIC PEOPLES FROM THE STEPPES AND
FORESTS OF SIBERIA
• 6TH CENTURY- ESTABLISHED AN EMPIRE
STRETCHING FROM MONGOLIA TO THE BLACK SEA
• SPREAD THE TURKIC LANGUAGE FAR AND WIDE
• DECLINED IN EARLY 1900s
• MUSTAFA KEMAL (ATATURK)
• FATHER OF MODERN TURKEY
• MOVED CAPITAL FROM CONSTANTINOPLE TO
ANKARA
• WESTERNIZED TURKEY AND BROKE FREE FROM THE
ARAB WORLD
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 67
(CONTINUED)
• WESTERNIZATION
• ISLAM LOST OFFICIAL STATUS
• ROMAN ALPHABET REPLACED ARABIC
• ISLAMIC LAW REPLACED BY WESTERN CODE
• MONOGAMY BECAME LAW
• WOMEN GAINED RIGHTS
• TURKEY SEPARATED FROM ARAB WORLD
• FUNADMENTAL ISLAM GROWING THREAT
• KURDISH POPULATION
• 14 MILLION1/5 OF TURKEY’S 67 MILLION
• SOUTHEAST TURKEY (IRAQ, IRAN & SYRIA) –
PERSECUTED MINORITY
• SADDAM HUSSEIN TRIED GENOCIDE
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 68
•
Click on the map to see the video
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 69
• Population is Persian & speaks Farsi
• Imperialistic Period – buffer state
• Shah of Iran & oil wealth
• Absolute ruler (dictator)
• Introduced western ideas
• Ayatollah Khomeini – religious reactionary
• US hostages
• Exporting Islamic fundamentalism
• War with Iraq 1980-1988
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 70
•
Click the picture to see the video
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 71
• Change of government - 2012
• Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen,
• Democracies leaning toward becoming theocracies
• 2012-13 Rebels fighting Assad dictatorship in Syria
• Assad will fall, but what comes next is unclear
• 2013 France assisting Mali in driving out fundamentalist Islamists from the north
• 2011 – 20-year civil war in Sudan ended – South
Sudan became an independent country
• 2012-13 Protests in Bahrain
72
• 1991 Desert Storm – attacked Iraq to drive it out of Kuwait
& established a “no-fly zone” to protect Kurds in the north
• 2002 – Present – troops in Afghanistan – “mixed results” –
President Obama plans to have most troops out by 2014 – remaining troops to advise and instruct, not fight
• 2003 – 2012 Invasion of Iraq and removal of Saddam
Hussein – “Mixed Results” – Pres. Obama ended US fighting role
• 2012 – provided air support & “no-fly zone” in Libya.
• 2013 – humanitarian aid to rebels in Syria – not certain what we should or will do in that conflict.
• Decades of tension with Iran over its nuclear program
73
• MOSTLY FORMERLY SOVIET CENTRAL
ASIA
• MOUNTAINS
• DESERTS
• OIL, COTTON
• PASTORALISM
• DIPLOMATIC REALIGNMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 74
• Southwest Asia and North Africa played critical role in world history and globalization
• Important culture hearth and religious center
• Oil plays world role
• Political conflicts disrupt economic development
• Tension between modern ways and fundamentalist traditions
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
End of Chapter 7: Southwest Asia & North Africa
75