Freshman Biology Semester II Exam Study Guide
1. How would you represent a set of alleles that are homozygous dominant? _____________________
2. The monk who studied heredity with garden peas was _____________________
3. An organism that is produced by crossing parents with different characteristics is called a
_____________________
4. An egg cell in a plant is fertilized by pollen from the same plant in _____________________
5. Any hybrid organism is _____________________
6. The physical appearance of an individual is its_____________________
7. The genetic makeup of an individual is its_____________________
8. Different forms of a gene are_____________________
9. If a parent that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a parent that is recessive, the offspring
are_____________________
10. The passing of traits from parents to young. _____________________
11. Complex chemicals that make up a gene are_____________________
12. How would you write heterozygous dominant? _____________________
13. The factors that control inheritance are called? _____________________
14. If an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, it is_____________________
15. The resulting organism from the mating of 2 parents is called. _____________________
16. If you flip a coin five times and it comes up heads each time, the probability that it will come up heads
the next time is _____________________
17. A cross of a red cow with a white bull produces all roan offspring. This type of inheritance is known
as_____________________
18. When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? _____________________
19. What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without
influencing each other’s inheritance? __________________________________________
20. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene
are called_______________________________________________________________
Figure 11-1
21. Refer to Figure 11-1. If individual III-2 marries a person with the same genotype as individual I-1, what is the
chance that one of their children will be afflicted with hemophilia? _____________________
22. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in Figure 11-1 illustrate?
_____________________
23. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 11-1 can be classified as
_____________________
24. Examine the graph in Figure 11-3, which illustrates the frequency in types of skin pigmentation in humans.
Another human trait that would show a similar inheritance pattern and frequency of distribution is
_____________________
25. Which blood type is the universal donor of all blood types? _____________________
26. Nondisjunction is related to a number of serious human disorders. How does nondisjunction cause these
disorders?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
27. What occurs during the process of meiosis in humans that can lead to a child with the condition of Down
Syndrome?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
28. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
29. Because the X chromosome contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been born
_____________________
30. A boy who has hemophilia inherited the disorder from his _____________________
31. What part of the chromosome might be involved with processes such as aging and cancer?
________________________________________________________________________________
32. A rare hereditary abnormality characterized by the formation of linear skin lesions slightly resembling the
appearance of fish scales had been passed down for 4 generations. All of the sons were affected and none of the
daughters were affected. What can you infer about this disease?
33. During which phase is a karyotype produced? _____________________
34. Which of the following allows for removal of fetal cells to test for genetic abnormalities.
a. Amniocentesis
c. both a and b
b. Chorionic Villus Sampling
d. none of the above
35. _____________________cannot breakdown amino acid, phenylalanine, leading to mental retardation unless
given a special diet
36. _____________________usually aggressive, has a hard time conforming to societies rules, often end up in
prison
37. What form(s) a Barr body_____________________
38.
The abnormality of the karyotype shown in Figure 11-7 is _____________________
39. How would you write the scientific name of the Northern cardinal?
_______________________________________________________________
40. Which of the following is the most general taxon?
a. genus
c. phylum
b. kingdom
d. species
41. Llamas and Alpacas are classified as different species, yet they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
For which species concept does this represent a limitation?
42.
.
Conifers and Lilies cannot trade places on the cladogram because Conifers do not have
_____________________
43. What assumption is made when constructing a cladogram?
44. Which domain includes organisms that are called extremophiles? _____________________
45. Which of the following Kingdoms is not included in the Domain Eukarya?
a. Bacteria
c. Plantae
b. Fungi
d. Protista
46. Which character distinguishes Fungi from Plantae? _____________________
47. Who was the first scientist to use binomial nomenclature? _____________________
48. Which species concept defines a species in terms of patterns of ancestry and descent?
_______________________________________________________________
49. Which cell wall material distinguishes all of the organisms in Kingdom Plantae? _____________________
50. Which of the following is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?
a. Eubacteria
c. Fungi
b. Virus
d. Protists
51. Characters can be biochemical or __________________________________________
52. What does not possess cells, nor are cells__________________________________________
53. All members of the Kingdom_____________________are multicellular and heterotrophic.
54. Which is the best description of the events that take place during anaphase II?
55. What is the role of the spindle fibers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
56. The typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a typical human
sperm? _______________________________________________________________
Figure 10-10
57. Which stage of meiosis is represented in Figure 10-10? _____________________
58. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is _____________________
59. Gametes are produced by the process of _____________________
Figure 11-3
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
What is shown in Figure 11-3? _____________________
Chromosomes form tetrads during_____________________
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of_____________________
Produces daughter cells that are genetically identical_____________________
Involves two sets of nuclear divisions_____________________
Occurs during asexual reproduction_____________________
Name the small segments of the lagging DNA strand. _____________________
What are found in between the nitrogenous bases? _____________________
What are the basic chain of events in all organisms for reading and expressing genes?
69. How many nucleotides are in a codon? _____________________
70. What are the purines and pyrimadines??
71. In the RNA molecule, uracil replaces _____________________
72. DNA differs from RNA because DNA has __________________________________________
73. What enzyme is not involved in DNA replication? What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
74. Which type of gene causes cells to become specialized in structure and in function?
_________________________________________________________________________________
75. DNA is copied during a process called __________________________________________
76. In eukaryotes, DNA
77. What happens during the process of translation?
78. Using the sentence, “ The big fat cat,” write an example of deletion?
79.
80.
81.
82.
A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an) _____________________
If the mRNA is AUG then what is the Animo Acid_____________________
Viruses are not placed in the biological classification system because_____________________
Which is a result of conjugation?
_________________________________________________________________________________
83. Which describes a retrovirus?
_________________________________________________________________________________
84. Viral DNA is integrated with the genetic material of a host cell during the _____________________
85. An infectious, protein substance is called a (n) _____________________
86. Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ
in_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 19-2
87. Figure 19-2 shows how prokaryotes can be identified by_____________________
88. Which cell shape in Figure 19-2 is called a coccus? _____________________
89. How do you identify prokaryotes?
90. Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are
called _______________________________________________________________
91. Many cases of food poisoning are caused by bacterial_____________________
92. Bacteria that cause disease are called_____________________
93. What foods are made using bacteria?
94. Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer because the bacteria that spoil food
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
95. The outer protein coat of a virus is called a _____________________
96. All viruses are made of proteins and_____________________
97. Punnet Squares:
Use the space provided to write out your complete answer to the statement.
Running = R
Black = B
Waltzing = r
Brown = b
Cross a heterozygous running mouse with a waltzing mouse.
Genotypes (ratios only)
Phenotypes (ratios only)