Westward Expansion
Essential Question: How did
Westward Expansion, the attempt to
spread slavery, the Industrial
Revolution, and the Protective Tariff
cause tension in the government and
among American citizens?
Situation #1: The Louisiana Purchase
Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase
• 1. President Jefferson wanted to
purchase land from France and the
Constitution didn’t grant him power.
• 2. Mississippi’s Importance: for trade:
allowed crops/raw materials to be
shipped overseas.
• 3. If the Mississippi was closed to
Americans: loss of $, the economy
would suffer
Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase
• 4. NapoleonBonaparte
planned on building a
French empire in North
America
• 5. Jefferson believed
the port of New Orleans
was vital for the success
of US Agriculture
Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
Situation #8- The Gadsden
Purchase
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
Situation #1- The Louisiana Purchase
• 1. President Jefferson
Purchased the territory-1803
• 2. Buy New Orleans & west
Florida for $10 million
• 3. The Mississippi River to the
Rocky mountains
– Doubled the size of the US
• 4. Purchased from France at the
cost of $15million- less then 3
cents per acre
WHAT PROBLEMS MIGHT EXPANSION CAUSE?
As people began moving
west…new states were created
• 1812: Louisiana petitions entry into the Union as
a slave state & Indiana petitions and enters the
the Union as a free state—A BALANCE EXISTS
– Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819, they
wanted to enter as a slave state
Missouri Conflict
• US in 1819: 11 Free & 11 slave states
– Conflict: Admission of Missouri would upset the balance
Tallmadge Amendment
• Congressman James Tallmadge of NY
proposed an amendment to the Statehood bill
– Banning slavery within the boundaries of the MO
– Calling for the gradual emancipation(setting free)
of thousands already in slavery
• Amendment set off debates & brought slavery
into the national spotlight
– See Common Assessment Documents
Situation #2- The War of 1812
• 1. The Embargo Act: stopped
US trade ships from travelling
to foreign ports
– Jefferson hoped it would protect
American trade interests from
European interference
• 2. Resulted in: economic
disaster for the US
– Especially New England
Situation #2- The War of 1812
• 3. Congress repealed the Embargo
Act & replaced it with: The NonIntercourse Act
• 4. Non-Intercourse Act
– Allowed for trade with all nations
except for Britain and France
• Signed 2 days before Jefferson left office
• 5. 1809: James Madison elected
President
Situation #2- The War of 1812
• 6. War of 1812:
– Causes
• 1. Seizing American ships/ Impressing Americans
• 2. Chesapeake incident: British warship commander
demanded the right to board & search the Chesapeake
for British deserters– US captain refused– British
opened fire, killing 3
• 3. American belief that battles with Natives were
caused by British interference
Situation #2- The War of 1812
• Causes
• #4 – War Hawks
– Group of Congressmen
determined to gain respect
for foreign powers
• Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
Situation #2- The War of 1812
Should the United States have
declared war on Great Britain? Why
or why not?
EXPLAIN--
Situation #3- Florida
* After the War of 1812- many natives & run away slaves were
Trading weapons with the British
• 1.Jackson was sent to Florida
to protect southern &
western settlers against
Native attack
• 2. While in Florida:
– executed 2 Englishmen suspected of supplying natives
with weapons
Situation #3- Florida
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
D. FLORIDA
–1. Florida was given to the US
through the Adams-Onis Treaty.
–2. The US would pay off Spain’s
$5 million debt.
SITUATION #4-THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, THE
AMERICAN SYSTEM AND THE PROTECTIVE
TARIFF
Westward Expansion and Development Continues to
cause TENSION.
1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
An economic shift from agriculture to
manufacturing
The replacement of hand tools by machines
The beginning of mass production-the production
of goods in large quantities
2. Causes:
* The Embargo Act 1807-America could not trade
with foreign nations
* The War of 1812-The British blockaded
American ports, being unable to trade, America
manufactured her own goods
3. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the machine
removed the seeds & allowed the south to
produce huge amounts of cotton.
4. The need for slaves to pick the cotton grewslavery expanded.
* Although the Industrial Revolution gave Americans
a feeling of pride, it also divided the nation.
* The north industrialized and the southern
economy remained based on agriculture
5. The American Systema. a plan to unify and Unite the nation & create a strong economy.
b. link the North, West & South together with federally funded
internal improvements such as roads and canals for trade and
expansion.
c. establish protective tariffs.
GOAL-economic independence-America should
become self-sufficient
5. HOW IT SHOULD WORK?
Assign each region a specialized task
North-manufacture goods
South-produce crops
West- produce meat & farm products
*all would exchange goods and the American
economy would become self-sufficient.
6. Southerners were angered by federally funded
internal improvements(their taxes are used for
Northern projects) and the protective tariff (taxed
imports the southerners bought from Europe, to
protect Northern industry).
7a. a protective tariff--taxes on
imported goods. The taxes would
encourage Americans to buy American
made goods, because they would be
cheaper than imports
7b. The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff
that would place taxes on imported goods. The
government wanted Americans to support US
industry.
8. PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM TARIFFS
*Northerners welcomed the tariff to protect their
manufactured goods from
foreign competition.
* Southerners resented paying taxes on
imports because they traded their cotton for
British goods, which the tariff makes more
expensive.
• 9. The Tariff of 1828,aka, The Tariff of
Abominations.
• 10. Southern states rejected the tariff as a
New England protectorate. (TO protect
Northern industry).
• 11. Democrat Andrew Jackson
was elected President of the
“common man”. John C.
Calhoun was re-elected
Vice-President.
• 12. Southerners felt the tariffs forced them to
spend more for goods from Europe or pay
high prices to support the northern economy.
• 13. A. John C. Calhoun
• B. (V.P.) wrote the “Exposition and Protest
of South Carolina”.
• C. He argued the protective tariff was
unconstitutional because it unfairly taxed
one part of the nation to benefit another. He
proposed NULLIFICATION
of the Tariffs.
• 14. To Nullify-to void, Nullification-the belief
that a state can void a federal law if the state
believes the law violates the Constitution.
• 15. S.C. voted to nullify the tariffs in Feb. 1833.
They instructed S.C. citizens not to pay the duties.
They threatened secession if the government
enforced the tariffs.
Secede-to withdraw or break away from
• 16. President Jackson responded with the Force
Bill-threat to send 50,000 troops to S.C.
• 17. Henry Clay of Kentucky suggested a lower
rate tariff and S.C. accepted the deal.
President Jackson & The Indian
Removal Act 1830
HOW DID WESTWARD EXPANSION IMPACT
NATIVE AMERICANS?
“Situation 5: Texas”
p. 268-272
1. Prior to 1821, the west was dominated by the
_SPANISH____.
1. In 1821, the Republic of _MEXICO__ won independence
from Spain.
2. Empresarios are AGENTS WHO RECEIVED CHEAP
LAND GRANTS FROM THE MEXICAN
GOVERNMENT-and sold the land for 12.5 cents an acre.
1. __STEPHEN F. AUSTIN__, the most successful
empresario, brought the first American settlers into Texas.
1.
The American settlers living in Texas agreed to convert
to ROMAN CATHOLICISM and swear loyalty to
Mexico.
2. General Antonio Lopez de SANTA ANNA was elected
President of Mexico, instead, he ruled as a dictator.
7. In San Antonio at the __ALAMO, an old Spanish
mission became the site of a 13 day Mexican siege. The
result of the battle at the Alamo was
ALL 187 US DEFENDERS & APPROX. 1200
MEXICAN SOLDIERS WERE KILLED
8. On March 2, 1836,TEXAS declared independence from
Mexico.
9. In 1836 at the San Jacinto River SAM HOUSTON and
900 of his men cornered General Santa Anna’s forces
and defeated them.
10. Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco,
recognizing TEXAN independence and setting the Rio
Grande River as the southern border of Texas.
11. In July 1836, SAM HOUSTON was elected President of
the Independent Republic of Texas
Situation #5- Texas
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
1. Explain how northerners and southerners felt about
annexing Texas?
* SOUTHERNERS WANTED TO ANNEX, ADD
ON, TEXAS-TO SPREAD SLAVERY
* NORTHERNERS WERE AGAINST THE SPREAD
OF SLAVERY
2. TEXAS became the 28th US state on Dec. 29, 1845.
Situation 6: Oregon Country
1. Define: Manifest Destiny
A belief it was Americas destiny to expand westward to the
Pacific and into Native & Mexican territory
2. What were the results of Black Hawk’s War?
The Illinois militia slaughtered 200 Sauk and Fox Natives
3. What were the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty? The Natives
were given control of 400 miles of land on the central plains, east
of the Rocky Mts.
4. They were supposed be paid and protected-white settlers
slaughtered their buffalo and ignored their rights.
5. The Oregon Trail started in Independence, Missouri
and ended in Portland, Oregon.
6. Describe the journey on the Oregon Trail.
--2,000 mile journey that took 4 to 6 months.
-- It was a long, rough and dangerous trail.
7. Settlers spread Diseases
8. The members of The Church Of Jesus Christ of the
Latter Day Saints were known to most as
MORMONS__, they were hated for their religious
beliefs and forced from their towns and cities
repeatedly throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s.
9. JOSEPH SMITH was the founder of the Mormon
religion.
• 10. The Mormon practice of polygamy made the hated by
many.
• 11. After the murder of their founder in Nauvoo the
Mormons fled Illinois and were led west by
__BRIGHAM YOUNG_____
• 12. Brigham Young led 10,000 persecuted Mormons to
the GREAT SALT LAKE in UTAH where they found their
permanent home.
• 13. Both the US and BRITAIN claimed the Oregon
Country.
• 14. The slogan “54” 40’ OR FIGHT” was used by
those who wanted the US to control all of the Oregon
Country.
54’ 40’ was the latitude of the area.
Situation #6- Oregon Country
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
• 14. In 1846, the US and Great Britain extended the
49th parallel boundary from the Rocky Mountain to
PUGET SOUND. The US and Great Britain decided
to share the OREGON COUNTRY.
• 15.
Color, label and date the Oregon Country.
Situation 7: War with Mexico.
1. Mexico refused to sell New Mexico and California to the US. So,
President Polk sent General ZACHARY TAYLOR to blockade the Rio
Grande River and agitate the Mexican government.
2. Mexicans argued the Nueces River, not the Rio Grande marked the
border with Texas. Mexico sent troops to defend the area. 11American
soldiers were killed in a skirmish. President Polk used their deaths as
an excuse to start a war.
3. Americans settling in California proclaimed their independence from
Mexico and created the BEAR FLAG Republic.
4. During the war American General Winfield Scott had not lost a single
battle.
Situation #7- War with Mexico
What action should the US take?
A,B or C
EXPLAIN--
1. The Mexican-American War ended and on Feb. 2,
1848 the two nations signed the Treaty of
GUADALUPE-HIDALGO
2. The terms of the treaty.
* the Rio Grande was the border between
Mexico and Texas
* Mexico ceded New Mexico & California to
the US.
* The US paid $15 million for the Mexican
Cession Territory.
Situation 8: The Gadsden Purchase
The United States paid Mexico $10 Million for
southern New Mexico & Arizona
--The Gadsden Purchase
What impact do you think the gold rush had upon
the natives of the Plains?
• WHITES RUSHED ONTO THEIR LAND, THE
BUFFALO WERE KILLED OR DRIVEN OFF,
NATIVES WERE STARVING & FIGHTING
ONE ANOTHER FOR FOOD, COLERA
BROUGHT BY WAGON TRAINS KILLED 1/2
OF THE CHEYENNE & MEASLES KILLED
1/2 OF THE KYUTE