• Support- framework that supports body
and cradles its soft organs
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart,
lungs, brain
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis in flat
bones
• Long Bones- metacarples,
metatarsals, phelangies, humerus,
ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
• Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some
facial bones
• Sesamoid- patella
Tendons vs.
Ligaments

Tendons bind muscle to bone.

Ligaments bind bone to bone.
spongy bone
Proximal
compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
periosteum
Structure of Bones

Outside – has layer of fibrous connective tissue that helps
rebuild if broken

Ends – Cartilage for cushion

Shaft – Ca / P – makes compression resistant



Collagen – makes flexible
Compact bone- yellow marrow fat
Spongy bone – ends – Red
marrow – RBC’s

Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood
cells arise in red marrow (myeloid tissue).
* some white blood cells develop in yellow
marrow.

The color of yellow marrow is due to the much
higher number of fat cells.

Both types of bone marrow contain numerous
blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone
marrow is red.

With age, more and more of it is converted to
the yellow type.

Adults have on average about 2.6kg (5.7
lbs) of bone marrow, with about half of it
being red.

Red marrow is found mainly in the flat
bones, and in the cancellous ("spongy")
material at the proximal ends of the long
bones femur and humerus.

In cases of severe blood loss, the body
can convert yellow marrow back to red
marrow in order to increase blood cell
production.
Cranium
Facial Bones
Anterior View
Cranium
Facial Bones
Lateral View
Posterior View
Inferior View
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
•
•
•
Warm and moisten air
Lighten the skull
Enhance voice resonance
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae
(7)
Thoracic Vertebrae
(12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical Vertebrae
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sacrum & Coccyx
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
The Upper Limb
(Forelimb)
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Pubis
Ischium
The Lower Limb
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
phelangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies
Types of
Joints
Types
of
Joints
Immovable Joints
(synarthrosis)
suture
pubis symphisis
Slightly Movable Joint
(ampharthrosis)
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur
joint
capsule
pelvis
hyaline
cartilage
synovial
cavity
femur
Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Flexion
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
275 bones
12 weeks (6-9 inches
long)
Fetus: 1st
2 months
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification
center
bone
cartilage
calcified
cartilage
Just before
birth
epiphyseal
line
epiphyseal
plate
Childhood
Adult
Osteoblast
Builds new bone
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Eats bone
hematoma
callus
bony callus
bone
remodeling
Broken bones

- depends on strength of bone and angle of force

Stress fractures – constant use

Can heal on their own cause they are living cells.

Once healed, usually stronger
Osteoporosis

Until age of 30, still building bone density

Weak brittle bones

Treatment – vitamin D, calcium, other otc drugs
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
Osteoporosis
29
40
84
92
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the
bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
INQUIRY
1. What is a fontanel?
2. How many bones in the adult skeleton?
3. What is the difference between the appendicular
and axial skeleton?
4. What is a meniscus?
5. Demonstrate adduction.
6. Weight bearing vertebrae are called?
7. What does an osteoclast do?
Extra Credit: 1-page reaction paper on bipedalism
and problems associated with our human frame.
Attach article. Turn in 1-week from today.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSHoonPWwXQ