Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Origins of the
Cold War
Section 2: The Early Cold War
Years
Section 3: The Cold War and
American Society
Section 4: Eisenhower’s Cold
War Policies
Visual Summary
How Did the Atomic
Bomb Change the
World?
The destructiveness of the atomic
bomb raised the stakes in military
conflicts. Growing tensions
between the United States and the
Soviet Union after World War II led
to a constant threat of nuclear war.
• How did the atomic bomb change
relations between nations?
• Do you think the invention of the
atomic bomb made the world
safer?
The Origins of the Cold
War
Why did the Cold War
develop after World War II?
The Early Cold War
Years
How did President Truman
attempt to deter
communism?
The Cold War and
American Society
How did the Cold War
change Americans’ lives?
Eisenhower’s Cold War
Policies
How did Eisenhower’s
policies address Cold War
issues?
Big Ideas
Government and Society Although World War II was
nearly over, personal and political differences among
Allied leaders and the peoples they represented led to
new global challenges.
Content Vocabulary
• satellite nations
• Iron Curtain
Academic Vocabulary
• liberate
• equipment
People and Events to Identify
• Yalta
• Cold War
• Potsdam
Should Truman have tried to appease
Stalin more in order to keep peace
between the nations?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at
Yalta to discuss Poland, Germany, and
the rights of liberated Europe.
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin met at Yalta to plan the postwar world.
− Although the conference seemed to go
well, several agreements reached at Yalta
later played a role in causing the Cold
War.
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• The three leaders made the following
agreements:
− Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to recognize
the Polish government set up by the Soviets.
− Stalin agreed that the government would
include members of the prewar Polish
government and that free elections would be
held as soon as possible.
The Yalta Conference, 1945
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
− They also agreed to issue the Declaration
of Liberated Europe.
− They decided to divide Germany into four
zones, each of which would be controlled
by either Great Britain, the United States,
the Soviet Union, or France.
The Yalta Conference, 1945
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• Tensions began to rise between the United
States and the Soviet Union for several
reasons:
− Stalin demanded that Germany pay war
reparations and was not content with the
ideas Roosevelt had to offer.
− The Soviets pressured the king of
Romania into appointing a Communist
government.
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
− The Soviets refused to allow more than
three non-Communist Poles to serve in
the 18-member Polish government.
− There was no indication that they intended
to hold free elections in Poland.
• The increasing hostility between the Soviet
Union and the United States led to an era of
confrontation and competition known as the
Cold War. It lasted from about 1946 to 1990,
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• The Soviet Union and the United States had
different goals:
− The Soviets were concerned about
security. They wanted to keep Germany
weak and make sure that the countries
between Germany and the Soviet Union
were under Soviet control.
− The Soviets also were concerned about
encouraging communism in other nations;
they were suspicious of capitalist nations.
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• The United States was focused on economic
problems:
− Many American officials believed that the
Depression had caused World War II.
− By 1945, Roosevelt and his advisers were
convinced that economic growth,
democracy, and free enterprise were the
key to peace.
Why was Stalin so concerned about making
Poland communist?
A. Invaders could easily enter
Russia through Poland.
B. He did not want Poland to
align with the U.S.
C. Poland consistently tried to
invade Russian territory.
D. He believed all bordering
countries should be communist.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Truman Takes Control
Although President Truman took a firm
stand against Soviet aggression,
Europe remained divided after the war.
Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• Eleven days after confronting the Soviets
about Poland, FDR died and Harry S.
Truman became president.
• Truman did not want to appease Stalin as
Britain had appeased Hitler.
− He told Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov
that Stalin must hold free elections, as he
had promised at Yalta.
− This meeting marked an important shift in
Soviet-American relations.
Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• In July 1945 Truman finally met Stalin at
Potsdam.
− Truman was convinced that the rest of
Europe could only recover if Germany’s
economy was allowed to revive.
− Meanwhile, Stalin wanted more
reparations from Germany.
Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• Stalin did not like Truman’s proposals for
reparations.
− However, American and British troops
controlled Germany’s industrial heartland,
and there was no way for the Soviets to get
any reparations except by cooperating.
• The Soviets refused to make any stronger
commitments to uphold the Declaration of
Liberated Europe.
Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• The Communist countries of Eastern
Europe—Poland, Romania, Bulgaria,
Hungary, and Czechoslovakia—came to be
called satellite nations.
• With the Iron Curtain separating the
Communist nations of Eastern Europe from
the West, the Cold War era was about to
begin.
The Iron Curtain in Europe, 1946
Why did Truman think World War II began?
A. The Great Depression
B. Britain’s appeasement
of Hitler
C. Poland’s decision to
fight Germany
D. Japan’s emperor
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration As the Cold War began,
the United States struggled to oppose Communist
aggression in Europe and Asia through political,
economic, and military measures.
Content Vocabulary
• containment
• limited war
Academic Vocabulary
• insecurity
• initially
People and Events to Identify
• George Kennan
• Long Telegram
• Marshall Plan
• NATO
• SEATO
Do you agree with Truman’s decision
to maintain a limited war with the
Soviet Union and Asia?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Containing Communism
The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any
nation resisting communism; the
Marshall Plan aided European
countries in rebuilding.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• Increasingly exasperated by the Soviet’s
refusal to cooperate, officials at the State
Department asked the American Embassy in
Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.
− Diplomat George Kennan responded with
what became known as the Long Telegram.
− Kennan proposed “a long term, patient but
firm and vigilant containment of Russian
expansive tendencies”—the basic policy
followed by the United States throughout the
Cold War.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• After World War II, instead of withdrawing as
promised, the Soviet troops remained in
northern Iran.
− Stalin then began demanding access to
Iran’s oil supplies; he also helped local
Communists establish a separate
government in northern Iran.
− The secretary of state sent Stalin a strong
message demanding that they withdraw from
northern Iran.
Containing Communism (cont.)
− Coupled with the threat of the USS Missouri
sailing into the eastern Mediterranean, Stalin
withdrew.
• In August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of
the Dardanelles with Turkey.
• After Britain informed the United States that
they could no longer afford to help Greece,
Truman gave a speech to Congress outlining a
policy that became known as the
Truman Doctrine.
The Truman Doctrine
Containing Communism (cont.)
• In June 1947 Secretary of State George
Marshall proposed the European Recovery
Program, or Marshall Plan, which would
give European nations American aid to
rebuild their economies.
• In response to the Soviet attempt to
undermine Germany’s economy, the United
States, Great Britain, and France announced
that they would merge their zones in
Germany.
The Truman Doctrine
Containing Communism (cont.)
• The new nation was called the Federal
Republic of Germany—or West Germany.
• The Soviet zone eventually became the
German Democratic Republic—or East
Germany.
• The Soviets then cut all road and rail traffic to
West Berlin, hoping to force the United States
to either reconsider its decision or abandon
West Berlin.
Containing Communism (cont.)
− Truman ordered the air force to fly
supplies into Berlin instead—known as the
Berlin airlift.
• By April 1949, an agreement had been reached
to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)—a mutual defense alliance.
• For the first time in its history, the
United States had committed itself to
maintaining peace in Europe.
NATO Is Born, 1949
In response to NATO’s decision to allow West
Germany to rearm and join the alliance, which
action did Eastern Europe take?
A. They declared war against
West Germany.
B. They formed the Warsaw Pact.
C. They took no action.
D. They started working on
an atomic bomb.
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
The Korean War
Attempts to keep South Korea free
from communism led the United States
to military intervention.
The Korean War (cont.)
• After World War II, Communist forces led by
Mao Zedong and the Nationalist government
led by Chiang Kai-shek started fighting again.
− The United States sent the Nationalist
government $2 billion in aid beginning in the
mid-1940s, but they squandered the money
through poor military planning and
corruption.
− The victorious Communists established the
People’s Republic of China in October 1949.
The Korean War (cont.)
• In September 1949 the Soviet Union
announced that it had successfully tested the
first atomic weapon.
• Then, in the early 1950s, the People’s
Republic of China and the Soviet Union
signed a treaty of friendship and alliance.
The Korean War (cont.)
• At the end of World War II, General Douglas
MacArthur had taken charge of occupied
Japan.
− Once the United States lost China as its
chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to
encourage the rapid recovery of Japan’s
industrial economy.
The Korean War (cont.)
• At the end of World War II, American and
Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the
Japanese troops stationed there.
− The Allies divided Korea at the 38th
parallel of latitude.
− Soviets controlled the north, while
American troops controlled the south.
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Korean War (cont.)
• On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops
invaded the south, rapidly driving back the
poorly equipped South Korean forces.
− With the pledge of UN troops, Truman
ordered General MacArthur to send
American troops from Japan to Korea.
− He pushed the North Koreans north to
the border with China.
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Korean War (cont.)
• China then drove the UN forces back across
the 38th parallel and MacArthur demanded
approval to expand the war against China.
− Truman declined, but MacArthur
persisted, even criticizing the president.
− Truman fired MacArthur for
insubordination in April 1951.
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Korean War (cont.)
• Truman’s concern—that an all-out war in
Korea might lead to nuclear war—was the
main reason why he favored limited war.
• In November 1951 peace negotiations
began, but an armistice would not be signed
until July 1953.
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Korean War (cont.)
• The Korean War marked an important
turning point in the Cold War: the United
States embarked on a major military buildup
after the war began.
− The Korean War also helped expand the
Cold War to Asia.
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Korean War (cont.)
• In 1954 the United States signed defense
agreements with Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan, the Philippines, and Australia,
forming the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO).
When MacArthur asked for approval to
expand the war against China, he demanded
the following actions EXCEPT
A. Blockade of Chinese ports
B. The use of Nationalist forces
C. Removal of the emperor
D. The bombing of Chinese
cities with atomic weapons
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Struggles for Rights In the early part of the Cold
War, the fear of communism led to a hunt for spies and
to intolerance and suspicion of people with radical
ideas in the United States.
Content Vocabulary
• subversion
• perjury
• loyalty review
program
• censure
• fallout
Academic Vocabulary
• manipulate
• convince
People and Events to Identify
• Red Scare
• Alger Hiss
• McCarran Act
• McCarthyism
Do you think that another country
dropping an atomic bomb on the
United States is a threat today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
A New Scare
Public accusations and trials followed
in the wake of fears of communism
and spies.
A New Scare (cont.)
• The Red Scare began in September 1945
when Igor Gouzenko revealed a massive
effort by the Soviet Union to infiltrate
organizations and government agencies in
Canada and the United States, with the
goal of obtaining information about the
atomic bomb.
• However, the search for spies escalated into
a general fear of Communist subversion.
A New Scare (cont.)
• In early 1947, the president established a
loyalty review program, to screen federal
employees. Instead of calming public
suspicion, the program seemed to confirm
fears that Communists had infiltrated the
government.
• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover urged the
House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) to hold public hearings on
Communist subversion.
A New Scare (cont.)
− One of HUAC’s first hearings in 1947
focused on the film industry as a powerful
cultural force that Communists might
manipulate to spread their ideas and
influence.
− In 1950 a pamphlet called Red Channels
was published, listing 151 blacklisted
actors, directors, broadcasters, and
screenwriters. These filmmakers were
then unable to get work.
A New Scare (cont.)
• In 1948 Whittaker Chambers testified to
HUAC that several government officials were
former Communists or spies.
− The most prominent official named was
Alger Hiss, a diplomat who had served in
Roosevelt’s administration.
− Hiss sued Whittaker for libel, but a jury
later convicted him of perjury.
A New Scare (cont.)
• The FBI arrested Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg and charged them with heading
a Soviet spy ring.
− They were executed for espionage
in 1953.
• The messages collected using Project
Verona confirmed extensive Soviet spying
and an ongoing effort to steal nuclear
weapons.
A New Scare (cont.)
• Following the federal government’s example,
many state and local governments,
universities, businesses, unions, churches,
and private organizations began their own
efforts to find Communists.
During the hearings in Hollywood, ten
screenwriters, known as the “Hollywood
Ten,” used which amendment right to protect
themselves from self-incrimination?
A. 1st Amendment
0%
D
0%
C
D. 14th Amendment
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. 12th Amendment
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. 5th Amendment
McCarthyism
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy used the
fear of communism to increase his own
power and destroy the reputations of
many people.
McCarthyism (cont.)
• Senator Joseph R. McCarthy proclaimed
that 205 men in the State Department were
proclaimed Communists.
− He distributed a booklet called “The Party
of Betrayal,” which accused Democratic
party leaders of corruption and of
protecting Communists.
McCarthyism (cont.)
• In 1950 Congress passed the Internal
Security Act, usually called the McCarran
Act.
− Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress
overrode his veto.
− Later Supreme Court cases, however,
limited the scope of the McCarran Act.
McCarthyism (cont.)
• After Republicans won control of Congress
in 1952, McCarthy became chairman of the
Senate subcommittee on investigations.
− McCarthy turned the investigation into a
public witch hunt—his tactics became
known as McCarthyism.
McCarthyism (cont.)
• After six weeks of televised hearings,
Joseph Welch, the army’s lawyer, confronted
McCarthy about his cruel treatment of
people during the trials.
− Later that year, the Senate passed a vote
of censure against McCarthy.
− He remained in the Senate, but lost all
influence.
Why did many Americans fear that the
United States was losing the Cold War?
A. The Soviet Union successfully
tested an atomic bomb.
B. China fell to communism.
C. Truman was not a trusted
president.
D. A and B
E. A and C
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
0%
0%
0%
E.C ED
B
0%
E
Life During the Early Cold War
Obsessed with fear of a nuclear attack,
many Americans took steps to protect
themselves.
Life During the Early Cold War (cont.)
• After the Soviets successfully tested the
H-bomb, many Americans prepared for a
surprise Soviet attack.
− Schools practiced bomb drills and some
families built backyard fallout shelters.
• Cold War themes soon appeared in films,
plays, television, the titles of dance tunes,
and popular fiction.
Which nonfiction book is one of the
most famous and enduring works of
this period?
A. The Crucible
B. I Led Three Lives
C. Walk East on Beacon
D. Hiroshima
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Science and Technology Nuclear technology
enabled Eisenhower to change U.S. military policy,
while new missile technology marked the beginning of
the space age.
Content Vocabulary
• massive retaliation
• developing nation
• brinkmanship
• military-industrial complex
• covert
Academic Vocabulary
• imply
• response
People and Events to Identify
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Sputnik
Are threats an effective way to make
someone listen?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Massive Retaliation
Eisenhower fought the Cold War by
increasing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and
using the threat of nuclear war to end
conflicts in Korea, Taiwan, and the
Suez.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower won the
presidential election in 1952 against the
Democrat, Adlai Stevenson.
• Eisenhower was convinced that the key to a
victory in the Cold War was a strong
economy.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
• He used a policy called massive retaliation
to prevent more wars from happening.
− Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten
nuclear war to maintain peace worried
some people.
− Critics called this brinkmanship and
argued that it was too dangerous.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
• Eisenhower threatened Korea with a nuclear
war, and in July 1953 negotiators signed an
armistice.
− The battle line, very near the 38th parallel,
became the border between North Korea
and South Korea.
− American troops are still based in Korea,
helping to defend South Korea’s border.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
• Eisenhower once again threatened nuclear
attack when China tried to seize two small
islands, as well as Taiwan, from the
Nationalists.
− China backed down soon afterward.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
• Because Egypt bought weapons from
Communist Czechoslovakia, Secretary of
State Dulles withdrew aid from Egypt that
would help finance the construction of a dam
on the Nile River.
− Egyptian troops seized the Suez Canal
from the Anglo-French company that had
controlled it.
− In October 1956 British and French troops
invaded Egypt.
Massive Retaliation (cont.)
− The Soviet Union threatened rocket
attacks on Britain and France and offered
to send troops to help Egypt.
− Under strong pressure from the United
States, the British and French called off
their invasion.
− Soon afterward, the Arab nations began
accepting Soviet aid, a diplomatic victory
for the Soviets.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower was
known for which accomplishment?
A. Putting the Red Scare to rest
0%
D
C
D. The Marshall Plan
B
C. Forming the United Nations
A. A
B. B
0% C.
0% C0%
D. D
A
B. Organizing the D-Day
invasion
Covert Operations
Eisenhower directed the Central
Intelligence Agency to use covert
operations to limit the spread of
communism and Soviet influence.
Covert Operations (cont.)
• To prevent uprisings in other countries,
Eisenhower decided to use covert
operations conducted by the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA).
• Many of the CIA’s operations took place in
developing nations.
− Many of these nations blamed European
imperialism and American capitalism for
their problems.
Covert Operations (cont.)
− One way to stop developing nations from
moving into the Communist camp was to
provide them with financial aid.
• Two examples of covert operations that
achieved U.S. objectives took place in Iran
and Guatemala.
Covert Operations (cont.)
• Covert operations did not always work,
however.
− By 1965, Nikita Khrushchev had emerged as
the leader of the Soviet Union.
• The CIA broadcast to Eastern Krushchev’s secret
speech discrediting Stalin’s policies.
• Many Eastern Europeans were frustrated with
Communist rule, and in June 1956 riots erupted.
• Khrushchev was not prepared for an end to
communism; the rebellion in Budapest was
crushed.
Covert Operations (cont.)
− President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
emerged from the Suez crises as a hero to
the Arab people.
• By 1957, he had begun working with Jordan
and Syria to spread pan-Arabism.
• Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the
use of military force whenever the president
thought it necessary to assist Middle East
nations resisting Communist aggression—also
known as the Eisenhower Doctrine.
Covert Operations (cont.)
• In 1958 left-wing rebels, believed to be backed
by Nasser and the Soviet Union, seized power
in Iraq.
• The United States protected Beirut and British
forces helped Jordan.
Covert Operations (cont.)
• After the Hungarian uprising, Khrushchev
reasserted Soviet power and the superiority
of communism.
− In 1957, after the launch of Sputnik,
Khrushchev boasted that capitalism would
be buried.
− At Eisenhower’s invitation, Khrushchev
visited the United States in late 1959; they
agreed to hold a summit in 1960.
Covert Operations (cont.)
− Shortly before the summit was to begin,
the Soviet Union shot down an American
U-2 spy plane.
− Khrushchev broke up the summit after
Eisenhower refused to apologize.
• As Eisenhower left office, he warned
Americans to be on guard against the
influence of the military-industrial complex
in a democracy.
How did Khrushchev prove that the
plane the Soviets shot down was a
spy plane?
A. Recordings on the
black box
B. The radars on the plane
C. The pilot had survived.
0%
D. The instrument panel
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Causes of the Cold War
Long-Range Causes
• Both the United States and the Soviet Union believe
their economic and political systems are superior.
• Defeat of Germany creates a power vacuum in Europe
and leaves U.S. and Soviet
forces occupying
parts of Europe.
• The U.S. wants to rebuild
Europe’s economy and support
democratic governments to
ensure peace and security.
Causes of the Cold War (cont.)
Long-Range Causes
• The USSR wants Germany weak and believes nations
on its border should have Communist governments to
ensure they remain friendly.
Causes of the Cold War (cont.)
Immediate Causes
• At Yalta, Soviets promise to allow free elections in
Eastern Europe but instead gradually impose
Communist regimes.
• At Potsdam, Soviets want German reparations, but the
U.S. supports rebuilding
Germany’s economy.
• Soviet troops help Communists
in northern Iran, but U.S.
pressure forces a withdrawal.
Causes of the Cold War (cont.)
Immediate Causes
• George Kennan sends the Long Telegram to U.S.
officials, explaining that the Soviets need to be
contained.
• Soviets send aid to Communist rebels in Greece and
demand Turkey share control
of the Dardanelles with the
USSR; Truman issues the
Truman Doctrine and sends
aid to Greece and Turkey.
Effects of the Cold War
Effects in Europe
• U.S. launches the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.
• Germany is divided into two separate nations.
• The USSR blockades Berlin; U.S. organizes the Berlin
Airlift.
• The U.S. creates NATO;
the USSR creates the
Warsaw Pact.
Effects of the Cold War (cont.)
Global Effects
• When China falls to communism, the U.S. responds by
helping Japan build up its economy and military.
• When Communist North Korea invades South Korea,
the U.S. organizes an
international force to stop
the invasion.
Effects of the Cold War (cont.)
Effects on the United States
• Soviet spies are arrested.
• A new Red Scare leads to laws restricting the
Communist Party in the U.S. and to investigations by
the House Un-American
Activities Committee and
Senator Joseph McCarthy.
• Americans practice civil
defense; some build bomb
shelters.
Effects of the Cold War (cont.)
Effects on the United States
• President Eisenhower orders the development of new
rockets, bombers, and submarines that can carry
nuclear weapons.
• Eisenhower uses the CIA
to covertly contain
communism.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
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Select a transparency to view.
No. Explanations may
vary but should
include the point that
few Communists were
actually found.
satellite nations
nations politically and economically
dominated or controlled by another,
more powerful country
Iron Curtain
the political and military barrier that
isolated Soviet-controlled countries of
Eastern Europe after World War II
liberate
to set free
equipment
the articles or physical resources
prepared or furnished for a specific
task
containment
the policy or process of preventing
the expansion of a hostile power
limited war
a war fought with limited commitment
of resources to achieve a limited
objective, such as containing
communism
insecurity
the state of not being confident or
sure
initial
of or relating to the beginning
subversion
a systematic attempt to overthrow a
government by using persons
working secretly from within
loyalty review program
a policy established by President
Truman that authorized the screening
of all federal employees to determine
their loyalty to the American
government
perjury
lying when one has sworn under oath
to tell the truth
censure
to express a formal disapproval of an
action
fallout
radioactive particles dispersed by a
nuclear explosion
manipulate
to operate or arrange manually to
achieve a desired effect
convince
to bring to belief, consent, or a course
of action
massive retaliation
a policy of threatening a massive
response, including the use of
nuclear weapons, against a
Communist state trying to seize a
peaceful state by force
brinkmanship
the willingness to go to the brink of
war to force an opponent to back
down
covert
not openly shown or engaged in
developing nation
a nation whose economy is primarily
agricultural
military-industrial complex
an informal relationship that some
people believe exists between the
military and the defense industry to
promote greater military spending
and influence government policy
imply
to express indirectly
response
something said or done as a reaction
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