FOREIGN AND MILITARY POLICY
The __________________lays out the institutional framework for foreign and defense policy. Foreign policymaking
power is clearly a federal power, not a power of the states. The __________________intended to divide responsibility
for foreign affairs between the president and Congress.
The ____________________________________
In the 1820s ____________________________________countries began to declare their independence from European
colonial powers. The U.S. under President James Monroe announced that any attempt to re-extend political control over
Latin America would be met with force.
World War I
World War I broke out in Europe in 1914. The U.S. tried to remain neutral but was eventually forced into the war by the
German policy of unrestricted__________________________________. Over 5 million Americans served in WWI.
Following the war the U.S. and most other countries returned to policies of high tariffs and isolationism.
The United States Becomes a ____________________________________
The ____________________________________and Adolf Hitler shook the U.S. out of its isolation and back onto the
world stage. In 1939, WWII began. The United States soon found that its strategy of__________________, unilateralism,
and strict neutrality failed to make the country secure and keep it out of war. In December 1941, the Japanese bombed
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Germany declared war on the U.S.
____________________________________
Learning from the lessons of isolationism and trade wars following WWI the allies took an internationalist approach
following WWII. Before the end of WWII, FDR, __________________, and the allies created the United Nations to
promote security of member nations and promote economic prosperity around the globe. The five great powers – U.S.,
Soviet Union, China, France, and Great Britain – were seated on the__________________.
The Origins of the __________________
At the end of WWII, Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR, encouraged the spread of __________________through eastern
and central Europe and into the Balkans. President Truman responded with the __________________to contain the
expansion of communism. This was the beginning of a__________________ consensus in foreign affairs to resist
communism and oppose the Soviet Union that lasted until the late 1980s.
Bretton Woods and the ____________________________________
Following WWII, international institutions were established to solve global economic problems. The common view at the
Bretton Woods meeting was that the depression of the 1930s and the rise of fascism could be traced to the collapse of
international trade and isolationist foreign policies. The Marshall Plan was enacted to aid the recovery of war torn
European nations. At Bretton Woods the __________________and IMF were established.
Foreign policy powers of branches of government
Congress has the power to declare war and to appropriate funds. The Senate has the power to confirm
__________________and to ratify treaties. The _______________________has the power to interpret treaties.
President of the World?
The United States is the world’s greatest__________________. The US president is the most powerful foreign
policymaker and world leader. This reality would have shocked the Founding Fathers.
Presidential Primacy in Foreign Affairs
Since____________________________________, the president has been preeminent in foreign affairs and has gotten
even more powerful in recent years. Alexander Hamilton argued for presidential __________________in foreign
relations because foreign policy was different than domestic policy in several ways.
It requires
– accurate and __________________knowledge of the world
– a steady and systematic adherence to the same view
– a uniform sensibility to the ____________________________________
– decision, secrecy, and dispatch
Key __________________in the foreign policy arena
President is Commander in Chief of Armed Forces and Chief__________________. These agencies are at his disposal:
State Department; National Security Council; Foreign Service; Department of Defense; Central Intelligence Agency
Congress and Foreign Policy
Congress has some constitutional powers (advice and consent) in __________________and sometimes seeks to assert
them. Congress primarily exercises its __________________powers to hold the president accountable for his/her
foreign policy.
__________________and Executive Agreements
The Constitution grants the president the power to commit to legally binding international commitments. 1. Treaties; 2.
____________________________________-international agreements through 3. congressional-executive agreements
(CEAs) that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, ; 4. Vital Statistics; 5. Congressional
Executive Agreements.
The __________________Act
In 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act to__________________ the president’s authority to introduce American
troops into hostile situations. All presidents since Nixon insist that this Act is __________________and have ignored all
or parts of the act. The Act limits presidential deployment of troops to 60 days without a congressional vote. The period
could be extended 30 days to allow for withdrawal of troops. The president would be allowed to respond to
an__________________ but not wage a war without __________________ approval. In reality, this Act has not
hindered presidents at all.
The Public and Foreign Policy
Americans are mostly__________________ to questions of foreign policy Americans (while uninformed) are still able to
discriminate among issues and to identify those that are salient. __________________, special interests, international
organizations, and foreign countries influence __________________and national security issues.
Relevant Foreign Policy Beliefs
More important than interest and knowledge is whether the American people are able, in the aggregate, to hold
politically __________________foreign policy beliefs. Most Americans cannot point to Serbia on a map and yet they do
know that they do not want Americans to be sent to fight in the region. For the decision-maker the latter is the
important fact.
American __________________
One of the sharpest distinctions in foreign policy attitudes occurs between those with higher education and the general
public.
1. They are markedly more __________________of active involvement in world affairs than the mass public.
2. They are substantially more likely to __________economic protectionism and to support free-trade principles
3. They are more likely to adopt a generally more __________________orientation toward world affairs than the mass
of the American People.
__________________World Goals
Americans may think differently than foreign policy advisors: Favor __________________but oppose aid to other
nations; Favor peace through strength but are wary of international organizations; Fear nuclear weapons and support
arms agreements; __________________the use of force abroad and yet support presidents when they chose force;
Worry about free trade and yet are willing to open the US to broader involvement in the political economy.
21st Century Challenges
Promoting__________________; Promoting__________________; Enhancing __________________
Achieving Goals: Conventional__________________, foreign aid, economic sanctions, and military intervention abroad
serve to protect American interests and promote national__________________.
Foreign policy goals
Fulfilling a commitment to preserve a __________________world; Promoting democratic values; Protecting nations
from__________________; Encouraging market-oriented economies and free trade; Safeguarding the
global__________________; Advancing__________________ cooperation;
The ____________________________________
Democracy and __________________go hand in hand as they both promote freedom. With technology, trade extends
beyond our borders most of the time. International trade affects everyone everywhere. The global economy deeply
affects national security and foreign policy. Recently, industrial __________________is the most powerful form of
spying.
Making foreign policy decisions requires balancing competing or __________________foreign policy goals. Virginia and
United States businesses have become multinational in their quest for __________________, markets, and profits.
International trade provides Virginia and the United States with goods and services for which they do not possess
absolute or comparative advantage. Virginia and the United States benefit when they produce
________________________________for which they have a comparative advantage, and trade for other items.
Recent initiatives addressing foreign policy challenges
Trading with__________________; Curtailing human rights__________________; Controlling nuclear and
__________________arms; Determining the future of NATO; Curbing drug traffic; Improving global environment
United States trade agreements
North American Free Trade Agreement(__________________): A free-trade zone of Canada, Mexico, and the United
States intended to eliminate trade barriers, promote fair competition, and increase __________________opportunities
____________________________________ (WTO): Established in 1995. Its role is administering trade agreements,
handling disputes, and providing a venue for negotiating among its member nations.
____________________________________