Enlightenment and
Revolution
Enlightenment
Enlightenment
A philosophical
movement of the 18th
century where logic
scrutinized long-held
doctrines and traditions
Advocated the reason
and thinking
Result of the Scientific
Revolution
People would meet and
discuss ideas in salons
Looked especially at
government
Locke vs. Hobbes
Locke
Hobbes
English
English
Humans have basic
rights
People naturally live in
anarchy
Life
Liberty
Property
“blank slate” at birth
Social contract
People give up all
freedoms (except to
protect life) for safety
Baron de Montesquieu
Limited government
Separation of powers
Checks and balances
How is this different from
absolutism?
Voltaire and Rousseau
Voltaire
Rousseau
French
French
Criticized government for
Intolerance
Suppression of freedom
People are born good but
society makes them bad
Government based on
popular sovereignty
Distrusted reason
Legacy of the Enlightenment
Human Rights
Limited Government
Trust reason
There are moral and natural laws
Documents protecting freedoms
English Civil War
Houses of Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
Burgesses
Nobles
Sympathetic to the
crown
Dominated by Puritans
Wanted more religious
reform in England
Argued with the crown
Charles I
Son of James I
Anglican
Thought the monarchy should have more
power
Needed funding for agenda
Parliament refused
Parliament sent the Petition of Rights
Dismissed Parliament
Scottish Rebellion
Charles I needed money to defeat the Scots
British defeated in England
Charles I forced to call Parliament
Long Parliament
1640-1660
Parliament met on and
off
Little compromise
Irish Rebellion
Parliament wanted
control of army
Charles I tried to have
them arrested
Start of the English Civil
War
Groups of the English Civil War
Cavaliers
Roundheads
Puritans
Royalists
Named after their haircut
Supported Charles I and
the monarchy
Led by Oliver Cromwell
Wanted a new
government
How the War Was Won
Oliver Cromwell created a “New Model Army”
Defeated Charles I in battle (twice)
Created a Rump Parliament (not legal, but still controlled
government)
Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
Oliver Cromwell
Became “Lord Protector” of England
Ruled like a dictator
Established religious tolerance
New constitution (first in Europe)
Navigation Act of 1651
“Lord Protector” & English Commonwealth
1653-1658
Commonwealth means
republic
Oliver Cromwell was the
“Lord Protector”
Ruled like a dictatorship
After his death, his son
(Richard) ruled England
Charles II
Richard lost the favor of the army
He was forced out
Charles II was restored to the throne
Well-liked by the people, Charles II was known as the
“Merry Monarch”
Worked with Parliament to achieve his ends
James II
Son of Charles II
Did not work well with Parliament
Catholic
Married a Catholic princess
People feared having a Catholic heir
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary of Orange were asked
to take the English throne
Mary was the daughter of James II
William invaded England with troops
James II fled
Change of government and no
bloodshed!!!
Legacies
English Bill of Rights
Limited Government
People should choose who rules them
Mercantilism
Main Idea
The idea that a country’s
economic power depends
on the amount of gold
and silver in its treasury
Which means…?
Examples
British East India Company
Colonies made for the benefit of the mother
country
Navigation Acts
American Revolution
Why Revolution?
Colonies left alone for 200 years, then expected to
comply with mercantilism
Rights as British citizens had been violated
Britain sent troops
Declaration of Independence
New Government
Articles of
Confederation
Constitution
Bill of Rights
Estates of France
1st Estate- Clergy
Often chosen by the king
Owned land
Paid no taxes
Influenced policy in France
1% of population
2nd Estate- Nobility
Most important government jobs
Owned land
Only paid taxes in war (and sometimes not even then)
2% of the population
3rd Estate- Peasants, Artisans,
Bourgeoisie
Resented the privileges of the aristocracy
Paid most of the taxes in France
Most members were peasants
97% of the population
Louis XVI
Married to Marie Antoinette (a foreign princess)
Inherited debt from his predecessors
Forced to call the Estates General to find a solution to
the economic crisis
France in Trouble
French aid during the American Revolution caused
France to go into debt
Financial crisis
Owed 113 million livres
Over 20 trillion by today’s standards
Louis XV borrowed heavily from bankers
Louis XVI tried to tax nobles, but they led riots
Estates General
Tennis Court Oath
Estates General met
Each estate got 1 vote, so the third estate was often
outvoted
The representatives of the third estate met in the Tennis
Court and invited the other estates to join them
Asked Louis XVI to give each representative a vote
He didn’t respond
They formed the National Assembly
Spread of Revolution
Fall of the Bastille
Bastille was a prison
Represented the power
of the monarch
Peasants stormed the
Bastille for its weapons
“Great Fear”
Third estate was afraid
the aristocracy would try
to stop the Revolution
Manor houses and
monasteries destroyed
Nobles fled to other
countries
Women march on Versailles
Urban women were
upset by the price of
food
They marched to
Versailles and demanded
that the monarchs come
live in Paris
Constitution of 1791
Split up France into
departments
Limited the power of the
king
Land-owning males
voted for members of
the Legislative Assembly
Death of the King
King Louis XVI plotted
with émigrés and foreign
powers to stop the
revolution
Tried to escape France,
but was caught
Sent to the guillotine
National Convention
What was it?
A legislative body elected through universal manhood
suffrage
Political Leaders
Girondins
Jacobins
Wanted domination by
Paris
Feared domination by
Paris
conservatives
Liberals
Danton
Robespierre
Marat
Accomplishments
Wanted a “Republic of Virtue”
Opened new schools
Universal elementary education
Wage an price controls
Metric system
New Calendar
New constitution
500 person lower house
250 person upper house
5 directors
Reign of Terror
What happened?
Committee of Public
Safety
Guillotined those who
opposed the Jacobins
Led by Robespierre and
Danton
Both were later sent to
the guillotine
Why?
Jacobins wanted more
change
Kept people supportive
of the Jacobins
Results
Leaders of the revolution
went too far
They were executed
Led to a reactionary type
of government
Napoleon
Background of Napoleon
Gained fame as a
brilliant military
commander
Coup d'état
1799- Napoleon took his army to Paris
The Directors either fled or supported him
He claimed control of France by force
Ruled France like a dictatorship
Much like Julius Caesar
French Empire
The French voted themselves out of a Republic
Napoleon crowned himself emperor
Created peace and stability in France
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon invaded the rest of Europe to seek unity
France controlled much of the HRE, Italy, Poland, and
Spain
Allied with Austria and Prussia
Defeated in Russia
More by the winter than by the Russian troops
Exile, Escape, and Waterloo
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba
He escaped and came back to France for 100 Days
Defeated by a British and Russian alliance at Waterloo
Exile (Again)
Sent to Saint Helena
Died less than 6 years later
Legacies of Napoleon
Napoleonic Code
Reforms and stability in France
Changes of boundaries in Europe
Sold Louisiana to the Americans
Increased nationalism in territories he conquered.
Congress of Vienna
The Players (Diplomats)
Talleyrand (France)
Metternich (Austria)
Wellington (Great
Britain)
Hardenburg (Prussia)
Nesselrode (Russia)
Results
Antebellum status quo
Concert of Europe
A way of solving problems with balance of power and
discussion
Serious war avoided until WWI
Alliances
Holy Alliance- Russia, Austria, Prussia
Quadruple Alliance- Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia (later included France in the Quintuple Alliance)
Reactionary in Nature
0
