Happy Thursday!
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Pick up an agenda on the stand in the front
Put your name on Vocab and turn it in to the
black box on my desk
Congratulations! The following students
received an “A” on the test:
Jamie
Nick
Brady
Rachel Cardenas Kevin
Ewen
Rachel Clem
Jack
Sammy
Zaara
Myranda Ahsan
American Revolution
French and Indian War
What’s going on in the colonies?
(review)
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England is not the only country to have
colonies in the New World
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Spain in Florida, Central America and western
North America
France- Canada and central North America
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts- Hard to enforce
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Salutary Neglect
Sowing Seeds of Self- Government
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Every colony at this point had:
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Governor- appointed by the king
Advisory council- appointed by the Governor
Local Assembly- elected by eligible colonists
and paid the Governor’s salary
Colonists desired more economic and political
breathing room but still felt loyal to the British
Crown
France in the New World
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1608-1st city/settlement Quebec- Canada
1689- claimed the entire Mississippi Valley,
naming Louisiana after King Louis XIV
There is a smaller population of French
colonists than English colonists
They have friendlier relations with the natives
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Need their help with trade
Stop and Think!
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What impact does France’s presence in North
America have on the Colonist and England?
France Fans Out
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The French fan out by following the beaver
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Beaver fur was a profitable export
Started to collide with English colonies
Jesuits- French Missionaries spread out to
convert Natives to Christianity
Fan out along the Ohio River Valley
Warfare
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The type of warfare used in the New World
was called Guerilla Warfare
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Ambushes, surprise attacks
Mostly used by French and Spanish
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British used a traditional style of warfare
The French and Indian War
1756-1763
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Also known as the Seven Years War
Mostly fought over control of the Ohio Valley
French built Fort Duquesne where the Ohio
River forms (modern day Pittsburgh)
The Virginia Governor sends a militia to evict
the French because they had claim to that land
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Militia was led by George Washington
French/Indian War
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War went back and forth and was undeclared
for 2 years
The war was fought all over the world
(remember it was part of a bigger war)
England and Prussia v. France, Spain Austria
and Russia
Not a lot of troops were sent to the colonies
Stop and Think!!
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If England refuses to send a lot of troops to the
colony, who will they rely on for troops against
the French in North America?
Colonial Unity?
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The Colonies were not unified because they had
different identities
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Different cultures, economies, religions,
geography, transportation issues
Albany Plan of Union -Benjamin Franklin comes
up with an idea to unite the colonies- meet in
Albany
Representatives of 7 out of the 13 colonies
showed up and all the colonies north of VA unify
They then become allies with the Iroquois tribe
Join or Die!
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Franklin drew this
image to encourage
people in the
colonies to unite
The cartoon was
inspired by
superstitions that a
sliced snake would
revive if the pieces of
the body were joined
before sunset
The War
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General Braddock: British general- mission
was to drive the French out of the Ohio River
Valley
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Fought against French soldiers and their Native
American allies
He was ambushed and defeated- not used to
the warfare
The War cont.
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William Pitt was appointed the new leader by
King George III
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The British army finally started winning battles
The Iroquois tribe, which was very powerful
allied with the British to balance those of the
French
Turning Point
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The turning point of the war was on the Plains
of Abraham just outside Quebec
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British troops under General James Wolfe
surprise attacked Quebec
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Was able to get the colonists to join by promising
to make Parliament pay the cost
This led to a British triumph in the war
Treaty of Paris (1763)
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Great Britain claimed all of North America east
of the Mississippi River including Florida which
was owned by Spain (an ally of France)
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Kicked the French out!
Spain gained the French lands west of the
Mississippi including the city of New Orleans
France kept only a few small islands near
Newfoundland and in the West Indies
Interactions between English and
Colonists
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The English viewed the colonists as back
woodsy, hicks, uncivilized
The Colonists viewed the English as mean,
snobby, dumb
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Colonists stationed troops in territories to
control Native Americans
Colonist thought the Native Americans might turn
on them
 This cost them a lot of money
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English also feel…
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The colonists were left too much on their own
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Britain is regretting Salutary Neglect
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Colonists are creating their own gov’t, religion
economy apart from Britain
The colonists didn’t help enough with the war
effort
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Taxed the colonists for the war effort
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But wait a minute- they were supposed to foot the
bill!
Stop and Think!
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What was this impact of the British taxing the
colonists for the war?
Colonial gains from the war
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Self confidence
The need for colonial unity
No need for English protection from the French
b/c they’re gone
They no longer see British as invincible
Proclamation of 1763
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Native Americans feared that the growing
number of British settlers crossing the
Appalachian mountains
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would drive away the game they depended on
Spring 1763, Pontiac (Ottawa leader) rebels
and captures 8 British forts
To avoid further conflict, British gov’t issued the
Proclamation of 1763: banned all settlement
west of the Appalachians.
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Hard to enforce
Happy Monday!
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Turn in your perspectives worksheet to the
box on my desk
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Look over your notes from last class we will
have a short quiz
Daily Quiz #1
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The French and Indian War was fought over
which piece of land?
Which Native American tribe did the English
Colonies ally with?
The English won the war at which battle in
Canada?
Why did Franklin draw this image?
Where did The Proclamation of 1763 restrict
colonist from settling?
American Revolution
Road to Revolution
Proclamation of 1763
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Event: British announced the land won during
the French/ Indian War (west of Appalachian
Mountains) would be reserved for Native
Americans- banned settlement of Colonists
Brit. Rationale: to prevent future wars with
Natives
Colonial Rationale: thought the British
intended to maintain a tighter control over the
colonists
Sugar Act- 1764
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Event: Tax on sugar and molasses coffee and
wines
British Rationale: it actually lowered price of
molasses but prevent trade between New
England and Middle Colonies with French,
Dutch, and Spanish in the West Indies
Colonial Rationale: Upset because the British
are stifling their trade.
Quartering Act
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Event: required colonists to put British soldiers up
in their homes and had to provide fuel, candles,
beer and transportation for the soldiers
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British Rationale: troops can stay in the colonies
to keep an eye on the Native Americans and
colonists who were starting to discuss the idea of
freedom
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Colonial Rationale: believed the Soldiers were
sent to America not to protect them but to control
them. Thought the British should have asked first.
Stamp Act 1765
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Event: required the colonists to pay a tax on
most printed materials (newspapers,
pamphlets, marriage licenses, playing cards)
British Rationale: British were in debt after
the French and Indian War and felt the
colonists should help pay b/c the Brits were
“defending” the colonists from the French
Colonial Rationale: felt that their freedom had
been threatened b/c they had no say in making
the law.- The Stamp Act Congress
Declaratory Acts
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Event: Passed when Stamp Act was repealed
Designed to affirm that Parliament’s authority
was the same in America as in Britain- can
pass laws in the colonies.
British Rationale: to maintain authority over the
colonies
Colonial Rationale: “No taxation without
representation”
Townshend Acts of 1767
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Event: Charles Townshend (Brit. Prime
Minister) imposed a tax on glass, lead, paper,
paint and tea-collected at sea ports
British Rationale: get money from the
colonies without them noticing they were
paying taxes
Colonial Rationale: thought the acts were
threats to their natural rights and freedoms
Boston Massacre March 5, 1770
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Event: Mob gathers around the Customs House
and taunts the guards. Shots are fired, 5
colonists die including Crispus Attucks- former
slave
British Rationale: with the increasing hostility in
the colonies, British customs commissioners
petitioned for protection
Colonial Rationale: Present the event as an
attack on defenseless citizens- PROPAGANDA
Tea Act and Boston Tea Party 1773
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Event: Tea act passed in 1773 forcing colonists to only
buy tea from the British East India Company (Tea Act).
British Rationale: British East India Company had a
monopoly but was hit hard by boycotts and almost
bankrupt
Colonial Response: Sons of Liberty dressed as Native
Americans and raided 3 British Ships in the Boston Harbor
dumping 340 chests of tea into the harbor (Boston Tea
Party)
Colonies Rationale: saw the tea act as an example of the
British making a decision that concerned the colonists
without consulting them
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
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Events: Direct response to the BTP. series of
laws:
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make colonist pay for tea that was lost;
closed port of Boston
imposed martial law (rule imposed by military
force)
British Rationale: King George III was
infuriated by the organized destruction of British
property
Colonial Rationale: draw up a declaration of
colonial rights
First Continental Congress
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Event: Representatives from 12 of the 13
colonies (no GA) met in Philadelphia and drew
up the Declaration of Rights and a complete
boycott of all trade with England
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Colonial Rationale: present their complaints
as a unified group
Lexington and Concord
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Event: British troops marched from Boston to
Lexington and Concord to take stores of
colonial gunpowder, and guns and to capture
Samuel Adams and John Hancock; met
colonial minutemen (soldiers) and first shots
were fired
British Rationale: to put down any rebel
activity
Colonial Rationale: to spread the ideas of
independence, draft a new appeal to the King,
and select George Washington to head the
army of minutemen
People
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Patrick Henry: Governor of VA, strong
supporter of Revolution “Give me liberty or give
me death!”- to get support for revolution
Sam Adams: Founded the Sons of Liberty, a
secret resistance group consisting of
shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers
John Adams: came up with a plan at the 2nd
Continental Congress that each colony set up
its own gov’t and that Congress declare the
colonies Independent
People
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Ben Franklin: American Enlightenment
thinker, big supporter of Independence, one of
the men appointed to negotiate a treaty after
the war (Treaty of Paris 1783)
Thomas Paine: writer of Common Sense, a
pamphlet that circulated around the colonies
attacking King George III and demanding
indep.
Thomas Jefferson: Writer of the Dec. of
Indep. which declared that all men had the
right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness”
Happy Thursday!
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Take out your notes and start getting ready for
the quiz
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You will have time to work on your project
today!!
Daily Quiz #2
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Why did the British begin imposing taxes on
the Colonists?
Which Act created a tax that was collected at
the sea ports?
What was the name of the resistance group
that organized colonial boycotts and
demonstrations?
What was the purpose of calling the incident at
the Boston Customs House a “Massacre”?
Where was the “shot heard round the world”
that started the American Revolution?
Happy Thursday!!
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Your projects are due NOW! Please email
them to me if you haven’t already done so!
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hayley.christiansen@lcps.org
Take out you road to revolution chart and get
ready for the quiz.
We’re Breaking up…..
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You are going to write a letter to an imaginary
boy/girlfriend and break up with them.
Start your letter by explaining what is about to happen.
(1 or 2 sentences)
Explain how you thought the relationship was going to
be or tell how you think it should be (2 sentences)
Describe specific things you found wrong with the
relationship or situation (3 things)
Describe how you tried to change the relationship or
situation. (2 things)
Explain your final feelings and your final decision (1 or
2 sentences)
This is how you wrote your letter. The Declaration of
Independence was essentially the American colonies breaking
up with England.
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Preamble-You explained what was about to happen. (1
or 2 sentences)
Statement of Beliefs-You explained how you thought
the relationship was going to be or how it should be (2
sentences)
List of Complaints-You describe specific things you
found wrong with the relationship or situation (3 things)
Steps taken to address-You described how you tried to
change the relationship or situation. (2 things)
Declaration-You explained your final feelings and your
final decision (1 or 2 sentences)
American Revolution
Declaration of Independence
Enlightenment
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During the 1600s and 1700s Europe was
experiencing a period known as the
“Enlightenment”
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From it came new ideas about the rights of
people and their relationship to their ruler
John Locke
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Enlightenment thinker whose ideas influenced
the American belief in self-government
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Wrote that all people are free, equal, and have
“natural rights” of life, liberty and property that
rulers cannot take away
Power resides in the people
“social contract” for a government to protect
their rights and in return the people promise to
obey the laws and rules
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“ordered liberty”
Locke Continued
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Government’s powers are limited to those that
people have given to it
Whenever gov’t becomes a threat to the
people’s natural rights, breaking the social
contract, the people have the right to overthrow
it
HIS THOUGHTS WERE RADICAL AND
CHALLENGED THE PRACTICES OF
DICTORIAL RULE (KINGS, EMPERORS,
ETC.)
Stop and Think!!
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How does Locke’s ideas challenge Monarchies
like England?
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
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English immigrant to America
Wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense that
challenged the rule of the American colonies
by the King of England
Said independence was America’s destiny
Common Sense was read by many American
colonists during the mid-1700s and contributed
to the growing idea of independence from
England
Historical Background
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April 1775- fighting begins at Lexington and Concord
May 1775- 2nd Continental Congress meets in
Philadelphia
 Recognized the militiamen as the Continental Army
 Named General George Washington as leader
 John Adams suggested each colony set up their own
gov’t and Congress declare the colonies independent
 Also authorized the printing of paper money to pay the
troops and organize a committee to deal with foreign
nations
Historical Background cont.
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June 17, 1775,Battle of Bunker Hill- altercation
between the British and Continental Army
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Deadliest battle of the war (450 minutemen and
over 1,000 redcoats)
Olive Branch Petition- sent by colonists to King
George III urging him to return peace between
the British and colonies
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Britain rejected the petition and stated that the
colonists were in rebellion and ordered a Naval
blockade of the American coast
Historical background cont.
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January 1776- Common Sense published
May 1776- Each colony begins to declare its
independence from England and writing their
own constitution
June 1776- appointed a committee to prepare
a formal declaration explaining the reasons for
the colonies declaring independence
Declaration of Independence
Background Info
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Written by Thomas Jefferson- broad knowledge
and skillful writing
Drew on the concepts of Locke’s “natural rights”
and described these rights as “life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness”
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Government’s power comes from the people and
they had the right to alter or abolish any
government that threatens these rights
Stop and Think!!
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Why do you think Thomas Jefferson changed
the natural rights from “life, liberty, and
property” as expressed by John Locke, to “life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness”?
Declaration of Independence
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The Declaration of Independence is essentially
a list of the numerous ways in which the British
king had violated these “unalienable rights”
It states that all men are created equally
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not women, Native Americans and AfricanAmerican slaves
July 2, 1776- unanimous vote that the colonies
are free
July 4, 1776- officially adopted the Declaration
of Independence
Happy Tuesday!
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Take out your notes and look them over for the
daily quiz!!!
Daily Quiz #4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How did John Locke describe people’s
“natural rights”
How did Jefferson describe people’s “natural
rights”
Who wrote the pamphlet “Common Sense”
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
When was the Declaration of Independence
signed? (month, day, year)
American Revolution
Revolutionary War
Americans Declare their
Independence (review)
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July 4, 1776- Declaration of Independence
adopted
Founded on the principles drawn from John
Locke
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“Unalienable rights” of “life, liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness”
social contract theory- if government fails to
protect these rights, people can alter or abolish
government
Americans Choose Sides
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Patriots- supporters of colonial independence from
Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans
 Unified by Common Sense and Declaration of
Independence
 Many northern African Americans sided with patriots
Loyalists (Tories)- those who opposed independence
and remained loyal to Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans
 Most Native Americans sided with GB
 Many African American slaves in the south joined the
British for freedom
1/3 of Americans were neutral
Continental Army
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About 230,000 militiamen served but never at
one place or one time
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Regional loyalties, 3-12 month enlistment period,
Desertion to harvest crops
Eventually gain support of France
About 5,000 African Americans
2 Iroquois tribes
Some women disguised as men or helped in
combat by loading weapons or carrying water
Makeshift Navy
British Army
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About 500,000 regulars but never at one place
or time
German Mercenaries (hired soldiers)
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“Hessians”
Many remained in America after the war
Loyalists: 50,000
Some slaves and 3 Iroquois tribes and most
other tribes
Large Navy
American Advantages
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Outstanding leadership of George Washington
Strong motivation- fighting to become free and
govern themselves
Fighting on home ground- knew the territory
Experienced officers
Superiority of American Rifle (German-made)better range and accuracy
Sharp shooters- frontier experience
British Advantages
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Military power- strongest army and navy in the
world
Superior numbers
Indian support- Native Americans fearful of
losing more land
Loyalist cooperation
Hefty war chest- lots of money to hire soldiers
Bright red uniforms- pride in appearance
American Disadvantages
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Inexperienced army and militia- most were
farmers
Short enlistment
Brand new Navy- few ships to defend
coastland
Constant shortage of money, arms, food,
clothing, medicine
Near bankrupt treasury
Loyalist warfare -neighbor vs. neighbor
British Disadvantages
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Weak motivations
Unaggressive officers
3,000 miles from British home base-poor
communication
1,500 mile enemy coastline- hard to blockade
Vast land- couldn’t hold territory
Easy targets-bright red uniforms
European aid to Americans- France
Goals, Strategies and Tactics
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Goals (USA): Preserve the army, wear down
British until they give up
Strategies (USA): Hit and Run! Avoid battles,
only victory that’s important is the last one!
Tactics (USA): Guerrilla tactics learned from
Indians
Goals (GB): Force Continental Army to
surrender and restore British control
Strategies (GB): capture seaports, divide and
conquer
Tactics: conventional 18th century warfare
Important Battles
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Battle for New York (1776): British forces
attack and capture NYC
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GW’s army forced to retreat across New Jersey
and into Pennsylvania
Battle of Trenton (1776): GW’s army crosses
the Delaware River on Christmas night,
surprised and captured a Hessian force
Battle for Philadelphia (1777): GW’s army
defeated, resulting in British capture of
Philadelphia
Battles continued
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Battle of Saratoga (1777): American Army
under General Gates surrounded and defeated
British army under General Burgoyne
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Significance: TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
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France signed an alliance treaty with the
Americans
Valley Forge (Winter 1777-1778): winter camp
for GW’s army
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Americans suffered from exposure and
frostbite- very difficult conditions
Colonial Life During Revolution
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Economy: difficult to finance the war
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Women:
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Borrowed A LOT of money from France
US issued Continentals- paper money
Took over farms and businesses for men at war
Served as cooks and nurses for the army
Some even served in the ranks -“Molly Pitcher”
African Americans- some served for USA some
for GB
European Allies Shift the Balance
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Friedrich von Steuben- Prussian drillmaster
who helped to train Washington’s army into
more professional fighting force and Valley
Forge
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Marquis de Lafayette- Frenchman who joined
GW’s army and served for the remainder of the
war
British Move South
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Their strategy changes- rally the loyalists
support in the South and the gradually move
back North
General Cornwallis- British commander in the
South, successful at first, then forced to retreat
to VA coast
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
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Washington’s army, a French army, and the
French navy surrounded Cornwallis’ army at
Yorktown
Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans and
French on October 17, 1781
Significance: ENDED FIGHTING OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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Officially ended the American Revolution
Great Britain recognized independence of the
US
US gained territory
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West to the Mississippi River, north to Canada,
south to Florida
War as a Symbol of Liberty
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Egalitarianism- a belief in equality of all people
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Only adult white males
Women- no new political rights
African Americans- most still enslaved in the
South, but Northern states did begin to abolish
slavery
Native Americans- US settlers began moving
west and taking tribal lands