CHAPTER 1
INTRO. TO A&P
Intro to A&P
•
Anatomy –
• Physiology – deals with functions
& how body parts operate
Levels of Organization
• Living organisms are composed of different levels of
organization:
• Atom- particles which make up matter
• Organelle• Cell- basic unit of structure and function
• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses
that have specific functions.
• Organs• Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely
together
• Organism-
Levels of Organization
Requirements of Living
Organisms
1. Water
2.
3. Oxygen
4.
5.
Water
• Used in metabolic reactions• Necessary for transport
• Body temperature regulation
Food
• Supplies energy
• Supplies raw materials
Oxygen
• Used to release
energy from food
in cellular respiration
Heat (a product of metabolism)
• Determines
• Most body heat is produced by the
muscular system
Pressure (an application of
force)
Two types:
Atmospheric – the force exerted against a
surface by the weight of the air above that
surface; necessary for breathing
•
Hydrostatic –
Homeostasis
• Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced
internal environment
• Use homeostatic mechanisms:
• Receptors• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a
particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F)
• Effectors-
Negative Feedback
• Most use negative feedback – changes that
causes responses in the opposite direction;
returns the body to normal (set point)
• Examples – blood pressure, body temperature,
blood glucose level
Blood Glucose Level
Homeostasis - Positive Feedback
• Definition –
• Examples – blood
clotting, breastfeeding,
childbirth
Anatomical Terminology
•
Terms used to describe body position,
body planes, etc.
Anatomical Position
When these terms are used,
it is assumed the body is in
Anatomical position:
• Standing
• Facing forward
• Palms facing forward
Relative Position –
describes the location of 1 body part
w/respect to another
• Superior vs. Inferior
• Anterior vs. Posterior
• Medial vs. Lateral
• Distal vs. Proximal
More
Anatomical Positions
• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
• Deep vs. Superficial
• Peripheral
Body Sections – planes along which the
body may be cut to observe locations of
organs
Major Body Cavities – axial
portion of body – includes two:
1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities:
a. Cranial – includes:
- Nasal
- Oral
- Middle ear
- Sinuses
b. Vertebral - includes s.c.
Major Body Cavities
2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:
a.Thoracic – includes:
- pleural cavity –
Mediastinum – the space
separating the two lungs;
includes:
- pericardial cavity –
Diaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities
b.Abdominopelvic - includes:
- abdominal cavity - pelvic cavity -
Body Cavities
Membranes
• 2 types:
1. visceral – covers an organ
2. parietal –
• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:
• Example – visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum
Characteristics of Life (traits shared
by all living things)
• Movement
• Growth
• Reproduction
Characteristics of Life
• Digestion
• Circulation
• Excretion
Together. these activities constitute an
living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical
& physical changes that occur)
Organ Systems (11 total)
• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs
(hair, nails and sweat glands).
• Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory
receptors
• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage
• Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.
• Production of blood cells
• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and
trachea
• Exchange gases between air and blood
• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive
organs.
• Production of new organisms
• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal
glands
• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function
Organ Systems
• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause
movement.
• Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands
• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries
and blood.
• Transports products throughout body.
• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
thymus and spleen
• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from
digestive tract.
Organ Systems
• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands,
esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large
intestines.
• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.
• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra
• Remove waste from blood and maintain water
balance
Review
• Membranes
Review – Relative Positions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.
The lungs are ______ to the heart.
The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.
The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.
The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.
The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.
The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.
The elbow is _____ to the wrist.