Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
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Introduction:
• early studies: treating illnesses and
injuries.
• Superstitions, magic, herbs
• medicine standardized terms in Greek and
Latin.
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy structure (morphology) of the body
and its parts; in other words, what are things
called?
• Physiology functions of these parts “how do
they work?”
• interrelated because the functional role of a
part depends on how it is constructed.
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Levels of Organization:
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Levels of Organization:
human body: parts studied at a variety of levels
of organization.
1. Atoms are the simplest level.
2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
3. Macromolecules are large, biologically
important molecules inside cells.
4. Organelles are aggregates of
macromolecules used to carry out a specific
function in the cell.
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5. Cells are the basic living unit.
6. Tissues are groups of cells functioning
together.
7. Groups of tissues form organs.
8. Groups of organs function together as
organ systems.
9. Organ systems functioning together make
up an organism.
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Organization of the Human Body
• The body divided into:
appendicular portion (upper and lower
limbs)
axial portion (head, neck, and trunk),
• Major features of the human body include:
– Cavities
– Membranes
– organ systems.
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Body Cavities:
• dorsal and a ventral cavity
• Organs within these cavities are viscera.
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a. dorsal cavity can be divided into two areas:
1) Cranial cavity
2) Vertebral canal
b. ventral cavity is made up of:
1) Thoracic cavity
2) Abdominopelvic cavity: can
be divided into the
abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
 A broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
c. Smaller cavities within the head include the
oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and
middle ear cavities.
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Membranes:
1.
thoracic cavity is lined with pleural membranes;
2.
heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes.
– parietal pleura: lines the cavities
– visceral pleura: covers the lungs
– A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers.
– parietal pericardium: outer sac
– visceral pericardium: covers the heart
– Serous fluid separates the two layers.
3.
abdominopelvic cavity is lined with peritoneal membranes
– parietal peritoneum: lines the wall
– visceral peritoneum covers the organs.
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Membranes
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Organ Systems, based on the function:
• Body Covering
a. integumentary system
– skin, hair, nails, various glands
• covers the body, senses changes outside the
body, and helps regulate body temperature.
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• Support and Movement
a. skeletal S: bones and ligaments.
– supports, protects, provides frameworks,
stores inorganic salts, and houses bloodforming tissues.
b. muscular S: muscles
– provide body movement, posture, and
body heat.
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• Integration and Coordination
a. nervous S: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sense organs.
– integrates incoming information from receptors
and sends impulses to muscles and glands.
b. endocrine S: glands that secrete
hormones
– helps to integrate metabolic functions.
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• Transport
a. cardiovascular s: heart and blood vessels,
– Distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. lymphatic s: lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen,
– drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of
immunity.
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• Absorption and Excretion
a. digestive s: mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs.
– receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
b. respiratory s: lungs and passageways.
– exchanges gases between the blood and air
c. urinary s: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra,
– removes wastes from the blood and helps to
maintain water and electrolyte balance.
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• Reproduction
a. reproductive s: produces new organisms.
i.
male: testes, accessory organs, and
vessels
» conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
» houses the developing offspring.
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Anatomical Terminology
• Relative Positions: describe location of
one body part with respect to another.
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior,
medial, lateral, proximal, distal,
superficial (peripheral), deep.
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Body Sections:
1. sagittal: divides body into R-L
2. transverse: divides body into
superior-inferior (cross section)
3. coronal: divides body into
anterior-posterior
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Body Regions
1. abdominal area: divided into 9
regions.
2. Terms: Fig. 1.16.
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