HUMAN BONES
Mr. Nichols
PHHS
COTD
COTD
COTD
COTD
Breaking News
• The long lost truck of Frank Prior was dropped off at the
Diner during some point between 11pm and 5am last
night/this morning.
• AJ closed the Diner at 10pm last night to which there was
no truck to be seen. When AJ opened the Diner at 6am
the truck was parked on the east side of the parking lot.
• After analysis of the truck a couple interesting materials
were recovered.
• -Scraps of metal, large and small ribbons (some dust as
well probably due to the cutting of large metal chunks.)
Other Contents
• Fingerprints from the passenger seat glove box were
recovered, these finger prints belong to Sonya Prior.
• According to pharmacy records Sonya has not had her
medication filled in 5 weeks.
• The truck was unusually clean on the interior, it looked as
though someone had been vacuuming it on a regular basis.
• Dirt from the tire treads are consistent with the soil
composition of outside the city near the refinery/mine.
• On the back bumper and camper there appears to be 4
bullet holes that have rusted around the edges.
Witness Report
• Dr. Ainsworth from a 2nd floor patient’s window said he
saw the glare of headlights and a truck pull up to the
Diner, while he wasn’t paying complete attention he
claims “I thought I saw someone from over by the new
church running to meet the driver.”
• Molly Boyle was returning home from a general store
shopping run when she saw the following:
•
“From the only road leading to the graveyard I saw this
truck speeding past me, it was swerving, there were two
people in the truck, and it definitely had something heavy
and big in the back camper.”
Breaking News
Bone Composition
• Bone is very strong for its
relatively light weight
• The major components of bone
are:
Cortical Bone
Spongy Bone
• Calcium carbonate
• Calcium phosphate
• Collagen
• Water
Medullary (marrow) cavity
Bone Composition Cont’d
• Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate:
• Make up 60-70% of bone weight
• Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing
or squeezing forces
• Collagen (a protein):
• Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its
ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
• With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes
more brittle.
• Water
• Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water than other
body parts
Skull
• Divided into two parts:
a) Calvaria
b) Face
a) Calvaria
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone
b) Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bone
Nasal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla Bone
Mandible Bone
Vertebral Column
7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
Lumbar vertebra,
lateral view
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
Lumbar vertebra,
superior view
5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)
Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
Ribs
• Twelve pairs
• Made up of :
• bone
• cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to
expand.

Curved and slightly twisted making it
ideal to protect the chest area
Ribs Cont’d
• Classified into three groups based on anterior attachment:
(picture)
• True ribs
• 1-7
• attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum
• False ribs
• 8-10
• attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib
• Floating ribs
• 11 and 12
• only attach to the vertebral column
The Ribs
Manubrium
Sternal Body
True Ribs
(1-7)
Xiphoid Process
False Ribs
(8-10)
Costal Cartilages
Floating Ribs
(11-12)
Sternum
• Mid-line breast bone
• The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with the
sternum
Sternum – comprised of
the manubrium, sternal
body and xiphoid process
Clavicle
1.Pectoral Girdle
Consists of:
Scapula
• Scapula (shoulder blade)
• Clavicle (collar bone)

Allows the upper limb great mobility
 The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of
attachment between the axial skeleton and the
pectoral girdle
2. Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by pair of os coxae (hip
bones)
• supports the bladder and
abdominal contents
• Attachment:
• Posteriorly – join with the sacrum
• Anteriorly - join to each other
anteriorly
• Laterally – join to the head of thigh
bone through a cup-shaped
acetabulum
3. Upper Limb
Humerus
• Humerus
• The arm bone
• shoulder to elbow
Radius
• Radius and Ulna
• The forearm bones
Ulna
• elbow to wrist
• the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand
• when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually
crossing over the ulna - try it yourself
Upper Limb Cont.
Carpals
Proximal
Phalanx
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Distal
Phalanx
Middle
Phalanx
4. Lower Limb
• Femur
• thigh bone
Femur
• from hip to knee
• Patella
• knee cap
• sesamoid bone in the
tendon of the quadriceps
muscles (thigh)
Patella
Lower Limb Cont’d
• Tibia and Fibula
• leg bones
• From knee to ankle
• Tibia is medial and fibula is
Fibula
lateral
• Medial malleolus and Lateral
malleolus
• The distal ends of the tibia and
fibula, respectively
• commonly referred to as the
"ankle bones"
• can be easily palpated
Tibia
Lat. malleolus
Med. malleolus
Lower Limb Cont’d
Talus
• Tarsals
• ankle bones
• calcaneus or the heel bone
• talus
Calcaneus
• Metatarsals
• 5 bones of the foot
Tarsals
• unite with the toes
• Phalanges
• toe bones
• three per toe except the big
Metatarsals
toe - proximal, middle and
distal
Phalanges