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Henry VII – Welsh nobleman who seized the
throne after the War of the Roses
 Lancaster = red
 York = white
 Henry combined to make the “Tudor Rose”
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Henry VIII
Edward VI – 16 when king, died young
Mary I – “Bloody Mary,” killed over 300
Protestants
Elizabeth I – amazing, the “Virgin Queen"
the rejection of the pope and the Italian
churchmen
 a time of internal reform in the church
and criticism from those who chose to
break away
 Pope Paul III investigated the selling of
indulgences (religious pardons) and
other abuse.
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 Late 1400s
 few people could read or write
 French word meaning “rebirth”
 changes in values, beliefs, and
behaviors
 Most people were Roman Catholic.
renewed interest in classical learning
(the writings of ancient Greece and
Rome)
 People learned Greek and reformed the
Latin that they read, wrote, and spoke.
 People became more curious about
themselves. It brought a renewal of
human spirit, curiosity, and creativity.
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Leonardo da Vinci - widely considered to be
one of the greatest painters of all time &
revered for his technological ingenuity
 1. Mona Lisa
 2. The Last Supper
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Galileo - a Tuscan physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, and philosopher who played a
major role in the Scientific Revolution

Columbus - was a navigator, colonizer and
explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic
Ocean (funded by Queen Isabella of Spain)
led to general European awareness of the
American continents

Michelangelo – Pope Julius II commissioned
him to paint the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City
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Johannes Gutenberg – a German who
invented printing with moveable type
printing press
 This allowed the first printing of a complete book
around 1445
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gave new answers to the questions: “What is a
human being?” “What is a good life?”
The aim of life is to attain virtue, not success,
money, or fame, because virtue is the best
possible possession and the only source of true
happiness.
Two of the most famous Renaissance humanists:
 1. Thomas More – wrote Utopia (a book of famous
insights on human society)
 2. Desiderius Erasmus
 1483 – 1546
 Monk who founded a new
Christianity based on his personal
understanding of the Bible, not what
the pope said
 German Protestant
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King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife
Pope would not grant it
King Henry declared himself head of the
Church of England
Henry appointed a new archbishop of
Canterbury who annulled the marriage
Thomas More (and many others) did not
recognize Henry as the head of the church
 Henry had his friend executed by beheading!
 Her cousin Mary was in line for
the throne
 Plotted for 20 years to have the
Queen killed
 The queen finally had her
beheaded
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Queen Elizabeth died childless
Her 2nd cousin, James VI of Scotland was her
successor (1603 – 1625)
 He was the son of beheaded Mary
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Followed by his son, Charles I
 Powerful subject had him beheaded in 1649
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England was ruled by Parliament & Puritan
dictator Oliver Cromwell
Charles II returned from exile in France, 1660, to
rule
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John Milton was the last great writer of
the Renaissance
 Famous for Paradise Lost
Scientific truths were soon to challenge
long-accepted religious beliefs.
 Thus ends the Renaissance…
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conceit – fanciful comparison of 2 different things
meter – pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables (rhythmic beat)
foot – meter’s basic unit (one stressed and one or
more unstressed syllables)
iamb – a foot
Iambic Pentameter – a line of poetry made up of 5
iambs (Shakespeare uses)
caesura – a pause
 octave – eight lines (abba abba)
 sestet – 6 lines (cdecde)
 quatrain – 4 lines
 couplet – 2 lines