Chapter 2 Notes
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After Columbus’
successful voyages,
Spanish Conquistadors
looked to subdue the
native people and
establish colonies for
Spain
The ultimate Spanish
goal was to extract as
much gold as possible
to send back to Spain,
but they also grew some
crops such as sugar
cane
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The Aztecs were located
in the American
mainland and made up
of over a million
subjects
Not only did they have
the largest society in
the world at that time,
but they also built the
worlds largest and most
sophisticated cityTenochtitlan
Montezuma - was the
Aztec emperor
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Hearing of vast amounts of
gold possessed by the most
powerful tribe in the land,
Hernan Cortes and 600 other
conquistadors set out to find
the gold and defeat the tribe.
The Spanish were ultimately
successful for 3 reasons
Disease wiped out a majority
of the Aztecs
Montezuma thought the
Spanish were gods, therefore
submitted to their authority
Spanish had superior
weapons
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The Spanish renamed
Tenochtitlan Mexico City
and it became the center
of their American colony.
In 1513 Ponce De Leon led
an expedition to explore
the north
He called the new land he
found La Florida
St. Augustine
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established in 1565 as an
outpost against pirates.
(oldest city in the U.S.)
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In 1540 Fransisco
Coronado led a Spanish
expedition looking for
Gold to the north west
of Mexico City
(southwest U.S.)
Later in the 1500’s and
early 1600’s many
catholic priest followed
Coronado and set up
missions communities
in “New Mexico”
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Most of the Spanish people who came to the America’s were
men
Their goals for coming were to obtain wealth, then travel
back to Spain with their new wealth and social status and
live comfortably
Very few Spanish (or any European) women came to the
America’s so it was common for Peninsular’s and Mestizo’s
to marry Native women (both terms defined on following
page)
Peninsular– White people of Spanish heritage born in Spain
Creole– White people of Spanish heritage born in the
America’s
Mestizo– People of mixed Spanish and native heritage
Mulatto - people of mixed Spanish (European) and African
heritage
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Because the lack of Gold in the region, the Spanish
didn’t have much desire to explore the north
region any further.
As a result, French and English sent expeditions to
explore North America.
English explorers – John Cabot (1497) Henry Hudson
(1610)
 French Cartier(1534) Verranzano (1524), La Salle(1679)
Joilet and Marquette(1672)
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** The English defeated the Spanish Armada in
1588, thus opening the door for English and French
colonization in the North America
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In 1587 The Virginia Company sent an expedition, led by john
Smith, to found a colony in the America’s
The Roanoke colony failed and John Smith was one of the only
survivors.
In 1607, the first English Colony was established in Jamestown
(Virginia)
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The first English colony In America struggled to survive from the first landing along the James
River.
Life was very harsh and within months less than 40 of the original 150 colonists were still
living.
Why did the colony almost fail?
 Location was horrible
 Swampy area, with lots of humidity led to disease(malaria)
 Lack of descent drinking water also led to disease.
 Lack of food
 Skills of colonists
 Most colonist were businessmen, very few were farmers or builders
 Most lacked wilderness survival skills
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Captain John Smith saved the colony from dying out by trading with the
local Powhatan natives and adopting their farming techniques.
Over time colonists experimented growing tobacco
Tobacco came to be referred as “Brown Gold” and was extremely
successful –
**Tobacco not only saved Virginia, but also encouraged the settlement of
other colonies.
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Tobacco growers needed people to work the
fields.
Indentured Servants – A person usually of
lower social status, bound themselves to work
for a company / planter in return for passage
to America
Term of labor was usually 4 to 7 years
African Slaves were also imported to meet the
demand and later led to the huge trading of
slaves known as the Atlantic Slave trade.
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The main goal of the English
was land and growing cash
crops.
Unlike the Spanish colonies,
most English colonists were
permanent settlers
Most English colonists were
lower class looking to
acquire land in order to raise
their social status.
English colonists did not
intermarry with natives and
brought wives and single
English Women with them.
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As more colonists arrived, They moved on to new land,
which angered the nearby Powhatan tribes
 Natives started attacking English settlements
 The King takes over the colony (Royal Charter) and sends
troops and supplies to protect colonists.
Native population in Virginia gradually declines while
English in Va. Steadily increases
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In 1644 there are 10,000 English colonists in Va.
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Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon leads a
“army” of poor, landless, settlers and marched
to Jamestown to confront leaders about
grievances from the lower classes.
Reflected social problems between English
colonists < wealthy planters, indentured
servants and newly freed servants.>
The main issues were protection from Natives,
and taxes
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Puritans – Separatists' of the
Church of England who felt that
the church was too much like
the Catholic church and wanted
to purify it.
Pilgrims – a group of puritans
who came to America in 1620, to
escape persecution and set up a
Puritan colony
These Pilgrims set up the
second permanent English
colony at Plymouth Rock in
1620.
John Winthrop and other
Puritans established the
Massachusetts Bay colony and
landed in Boston in 1630.
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Roger Williams spoke out against colonists taking native land without purchasing
it and the Mass. Colony punishing colonists for religious beliefs.
 Because of this he was banished from Mass.
 He fled South and established a new colony called Providence, which later
became the larger colony of Rhode Island.
 Williams guaranteed true religious freedoms and separation of church and
state.
Anne Hutchison was also banished from Mass. And fled to Dutch controlled New
York colony.
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Just as in Virginia, land was also
the center of the conflicts
between Puritans and Natives.
Pequot War
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Pequot nation started fighting
against colonists continued
expansion onto their lands
Colonists, in turn, allied with
rival tribes of the Pequot.
In 1637 Colonists and native
allies surrounded a Pequot fort
on Mystic River and set it on
fire
Colonists shot men, women,
and children ad they tried to
escape or surrender. (500 - 600
total)
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King Phillips War
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–Tired of submitting to Puritans and their laws
Metacom (King Phillip) – a chief of the Wampanoag ,
organized a rebellion against Mass. Puritans
For over a year Metacom used hit and run tactics to
kill almost 10 % of the English population in New
England, although he was eventually killed and lost
the war.
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In 1621 Dutch founded their first American
colony in what is today New York.
New Netherlands was the name of the colony
and New Amsterdam became the capital of the
colony.
James, duke of York, received permission from
the King to drive the Dutch out. (He later
became King James 2)
After he was successful he renamed it New
York
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William Penn received a grant of
land north of Virginia from the King
 Penn wanted his colony to be a
place for Quakers and their
beliefs
Quaker - A religious group
persecuted for their beliefs in
England.
 Services without ministers people could speak freely
 Opposed war and didn’t serve in
the military
 Dressed plainly and didn’t
humble themselves to rich
Peaceable relations with natives for
over 50 years b/c of mutual respect
 Penn set up a court to settle
conflicts
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Maryland
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Delaware
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Southern 3 counties of Pennsylvania that created their own colony
North and South Carolina
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1632 The King granted Lord Baltimore land for a colony.
He named it after the queen (Henrietta Maria) strong Catholic presence,
but also was famous for its religious toleration.
In 1663 King Charles II gave land south of Virginia to several influential
people.
This land became
Georgia
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In 1732 James Oglethorpe received a charter to establish a colony for
debtors to work off debt.
The Colony was name after King George
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Southern
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New England
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Virginia, North
Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia
Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Rhode
Island, New Hampshire
Middle
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New York,
Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland
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Opener
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Genius in 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration”
 Thomas Edison
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In-Class Schedule
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Notes Slides 1 -8
Native Map Test
Spanish Exploration Map
Introduce Brochure Project
Malinche Reading(??)
Homework
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Section 1 & 2 Vocab
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Opener
 Presidential Trivia -What is the most common first
name for U.S. presidents? (Hint: not John)
In-Class Schedule
 Vocab quiz (section 1 & 2)
 Notes Sl 9 -17
 John Smith Reading
 Land Perspectives Worksheet
 Brochure Project
Homework
 Section 3 & 4 Vocab
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Opener
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In-Class Schedule
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In what ways did the European invasion alter the lives of
Natives living on the East coast of North America?
Notes 18 -21
John Winthrop Reading
Brochure Project
Climates reading P. 60 & 61
Homework
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Finish Brochures
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Opener
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In-Class Schedule
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Personal Reflection – Why are goals important? List
5 short term goals and 5 long term goals.
Notes Sl. 22 – 25
Colonial Timeline
Present Brochures
Homework
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Opener
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In-Class Schedule
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City Trivia - What city has the most avg. rainfall in
the U.S.? 2ND Most?
Ch. 2 Test
Ch. 3 Intro
Start Last of the Mohicans movie
Homework
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None – Enjoy your weekend!!