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8-1 Energy and Life
Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food
Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume
Examples: Fungi and Animals
Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP .
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ATP
ATP
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Section 8-1
Adenine
ATP
Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
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Section:

Section 8-1
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and
ATP to a Battery
ADP ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Section:

Section 8-1
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and
ATP to a Battery
ADP ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Photosynthesis - plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates
- sugars and starches
Experiments in Investigating Photosynthesis van Helmont – In 1643 after careful measurements of a plant’s water intake and mass increase, van Helmont concludes that trees gain most of their mass from water.
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Experiments Investigating Photosynthesis
Priestley – In 1771 using a bell jar, a candle, and a plant, Priestly finds that the plant releases oxygen.
Ingenhousz – In 1779 Ingenhousz finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark. He concludes that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.
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Photosynthesis
Requirements for photosynthesis:
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O --------> C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
1) Sunlight
2) Water
3) Pigments – the plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll; there are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic plants.
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Section 8-2
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Light Energy
CO
2
+ H
2
O
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Section:
Chloroplast
Sugars + O
2

Section 8-2
Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
V B G YO R
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Thylakoids – the saclike photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplasts
Granum - a stack of thylakoids
Stroma space outside of the thylakoids
Photosystems – clusters that contain chlorophyll and other pigments (light collecting units of the chloroplast)
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LIGHT DEPENDENT AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
I.
Light Dependent Reactions - occurs in the photosynthetic membrane in chloroplast. It is when the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds.
II.
Light Independent Reactions - occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes in the stroma (also known as the Calvin cycle ); glucose is produced
(does not require light, but can occur in light).
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Concept Map
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis includes
ATP use
Energy from sunlight to produce
Lightdependent reactions take place in
Thylakoid membranes
NADPH O
2
Stroma of
Chloroplasts takes place in
ATP
Calvin cycle uses to produce
High-energy sugars
NADPH
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Section 8-3
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Chloroplast
Light CO
2
NADP +
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Calvin
Cycle
Sugars
O
2
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Section:
Chloroplast

Section 8-3
Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosystem II
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I ATP Formation
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Section:
Chloroplast

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle
Section 8-3
CO
2
Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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ChloropIast

Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise.
When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
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Section:

Section 9-1
Section Outline
9 –1 Chemical Pathways
A. Chemical Energy and Food
B. Overview of Cellular Respiration
C. Glycolysis
1. ATP Production
2. NADH Production
D. Fermentation
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
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9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
GLYCOLYSIS AND RESPIRATION
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
Glycolysis
----> 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
1st stage of glycolysis - takes place in cytoplasm; glucose is changed one step at a time into different molecules.
4 ADP makes 4 ATP ( 2 molecules are used to start the reaction, so there is a gain of 2 ATP’s)
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Section:

Section 9-1
Chemical Pathways
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
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Section:

Respiration
If oxygen is available then respiration can occur. It’s an aerobic process (means with air). Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. The reactions occur in the mitochondria.
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ATP
Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.
The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently.
Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.
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36
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Section 9-1
Figure 9
–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Glucose
Glycolysis
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic acid
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and
FADH
2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
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Section:

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–3 Glycolysis
Glucose
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Section:
To the electron transport chain
2 Pyruvic acid

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–3 Glycolysis
Glucose
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Section:
To the electron transport chain
2 Pyruvic acid

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–3 Glycolysis
Glucose
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Section:
To the electron transport chain
2 Pyruvic acid

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
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Section:

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
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Section:

Section 9-1
Figure 9
–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
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Section:

Section 9-2
Interest Grabber
Rolling and Folding
Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve?
To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.
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Section:

Section 9-2
Interest Grabber continued
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.
What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
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Section:

Section 9-2
Section Outline
9 –2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
A. The Krebs Cycle
B. Electron Transport
C. The Totals
D. Energy and Exercise
1. Quick Energy
2. Long-Term Energy
E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Section:

Flowchart
Section 9-2
Glucose
(C
6
H
12
0
6
)
+
Oxygen
(0
2
)
Glycolysis
Cellular Respiration
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO
2
)
+
Water
(H
2
O)
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Section:

Section 9-2
Figure 9
–6 The Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
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Section:

Section 9-2
Figure 9
–6 The Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
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Section:

Figure 9
–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Intermembrane
Space
Mitochondrion
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
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Section:
ATP Production

Video Contents
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle, Part 1
Krebs Cycle, Part 2
Electron Transport Chain, Part 1
Electron Transport Chain, Part 2
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Video 1
Aerobic Respiration
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Video 2
Glycolysis
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Video 3
Krebs Cycle, Part 1
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Section:
Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 4
Krebs Cycle, Part 2
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Section:
Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 5
Electron Transport Chain, Part 1
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Section:
Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 6
Electron Transport Chain, Part 2
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Section:
Click the image to play the video segment.

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Go Online
Links from the authors on Creatine
Share kimchi lab data
Interactive test
For links on cellular respiration, go to www.SciLinks.org
and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3091.
For links on the Krebs cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org
and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3092.

Interest Grabber Answers
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt.
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued.
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells.
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Section:

Interest Grabber Answers
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm 3 .
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper.
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.
What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper).
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place.
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Section:

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Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
ATP Formation
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Calvin Cycle

Video 1
ATP Formation
Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2
Photosynthesis
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Video 3
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
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Video 4
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 5
Calvin Cycle
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Go Online
ATP activity
Interactive test
For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org
and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.
For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org
and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.

Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?
To save money and earn interest.
2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?
Go to the bank and take out the money you need.
3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities?
Students will likely say that the body stores the energy.
4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food.

Interest Grabber Answers
1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?
They convert light energy into electrical energy.
2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?
Plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?
Leaves are green, as are some stems.
4.
What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?
The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.

Interest Grabber Answers
Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:
1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight.
2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis.
3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available.
4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.

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