CARBOHYDRAT
E
Presented By:
Iin Kurniasih
(Jica, 14 November 2011)
L/O/G/O
Do you still remember, what is
Macromolecul (Polymer)??
Monomer
Polymer
Polymerication
Natural Polymerization
Carbohydrate
To give us
energy
Why do we need
carbohydrates...?
??
Source of Energy
Third
Second
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
First
What is
Charbohydrate??
Charbohydrate in
daily life
 Carbohydrates are the most abundant
class of organic compounds found in
living organisms.
 The carbohydrates are a major source of
metabolic energy.
 A component of the energy transport
compound, ATP.
 Carbohydrates also protect your muscles
and help regulate the amount of sugar
circulating in your blood, so that all the
cells get the energy they need.
 Carbohydrates participate in cellular
functions such as cell growth, adhesion
and fertilization.
Where is carbohydrate
come from???
Carbohydrate originate as products
of photosynthesis, an endothermic
reductive condensation of carbon dioxide
requiring light energy and the pigment
chlorophyll.
We Will
Learns.....
Structure of Carbohydrate
General Properties Of Carbohydrate
Classification of Carbohydrate
Glycosidic Linkage
Hydrolysis Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fischer Formula
Haworth Formula
Structure
Carbohydrates
Contain the
Elements:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
The formulas:
Cn(H2O)n
General Properties
1. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in
water. they have a sweet taste and a crystalline
structure.
1
2
3
4
2. Polysaccharides, in contrast to mono- and
disaccharides, are insoluble in water, do not taste
sweet and do not form crystals.
3. Carbohydrates are linked to many proteins and
lipids, where they play key roles in mediating
interactions between cells and interactions between
cells and other elements in the cellular environment
4. The usual chemical test for the simpler
carbohydrates is heating with Benedict’s solution
Sweetness
173%
100%
74%
33%
33%
16%
A. Fructose
B. Sucrose
C. Glucose
30%
D. Maltose
E. Galactose
A
B
C
D
E
F
F. Lactose
J. Stein Carter.2000.www.carterjs@uc.edu
Classification
Base on simple carbohydrate that result from hydrolysis reaction
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
-Glucose
-Maltose
- Fructose
- Sucrose
- Galactose
Charbohydrate
- Lactose
Polysaccharides
-Cellulose
- Glycogen
- Amylose
Oligosaccharides
Classification
Base on simple carbohydrate that resul from Hydrolysis reaction
1
Monosaccharides: simple sugar with multiple –OH groups.
Base on number of carbon (3,4,5,6).
2
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides covelently linked
3
Polysaccharides: polymer consisting of chain of
monosaccharides or disaccharides units.
4
Olygosaccharides: a few monosaccharides covalently
linked.
Classification
Base on functional group
Aldose
Ketose
Carbonyl group is an
Carbonyl group is an
aldehyde
ketone
Example: Glucose
Example: Fructose
Classification
Base on number of carbon atom in monosaccharides
Trioses
Tetroses
Pentoses
Hexoes
•Contain 3
carbon atom
•Contain 4
carbon atom
•Contain 5
carbon atom
•Contain 6
carbon atom
•Examples:
glyceraldehyde
•Examples:
ertoses
•Examples:
ribose
•Examples:
glucose
Monosaccharides
• Glucose, "blood sugar", the
immediate source of energy for
cellular respiration.
• Galactose, a sugar in milk (and
yogurt).
• Fructose, a sugar found in honey.
Glucose
 The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
 It is a six sided ring.
 Glucose also contains five hydroxyl groups
 If dissolved in water it’s make closed ring
form (hemiacetal). That is cause reaction
between aldehyde/ketone carbonyl group
with hydroxyl group.
 Glucose rotates polarized light to the right
 Glucose is the carbohydrate found in the
bloodstream.
 Blood sugar level in our body around 80 to
120 mg glucose/100 mL (= 0.8 to 1.2 g/L)
is considered normal.
 Glucose is also formed when stored body
carbohydrate (glycogen) is broken down
for use.
Naming
6
6
5
5
4
1
3
2
 D (+) glucose
4
1
3
2
 D (+) glucose
Fructose
 Fructose is ketohexose, that form from hydrolysis
sucrose
 Fructose are contained in honey and fruits.
 Fructose rotates polarized light to the left
Glycosidic Linkage
Glycosidic
linkage
• This is when two monosaccharides join
to form a Disaccharide.
• The reaction is similar to condensation.
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
• common table sugar
= glucose + fructose
• major sugar in milk
= glucose + galactose
Disaccharides
Maltose
• product of starch digestion
= glucose + glucose
Maltose and Lactose
 The structural
formula for Maltose.
The structural
formula for Lactose.
Sucrose
Hydrolysis
• This is the breaking down of a glycosidic bond.
• Instead of water been taken away water is added.
Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Starch
•
Most common storage
polysaccharide in plants
•
Consist of 250-300 unit DGlucose with 1,4-glycosidic
linkage
•
The molecul are open Chain
•
React with iodium solution
and given blue color because
it’s contain amylose.
Cellulose
• Polymer of β-D-glucose attached by
β(1,4) linkages, consist of 1.000-3.000
units.
• hardly soluble in water, acid, and base
• Soluble in Schweltzer reagent (CuSO4 +
NH4OH)
• Yields glucose upon complete hydrolysis
• Most abundant of all carbohydrates
Cotton flax: 97-99% cellulose
Wood: ~ 50% cellulose
• Gives no color with iodine
• Held together with lignin in woody
plant tissues
Glycogen
• also known as animal starch
• stored in muscle and liver
•contains both α(1,4) links and α(1,6)
branches at every 8 to 12 glucose unit
• complete hydrolysis yields glucose
• glycogen and iodine gives a red-violet
color
• hydrolyzed by both α and β-amylases
and by glycogen phosphorylase
Quiz
The linkage
when two
monosacchari
des join to
form a
disaccharide
Major source of
metabolic energy
Carbohydrate
Maltose
Glucose +
glucose
Hidrolysis
Glycosidic
Quest
ion
Cellulose
The chitin in
the shell
Crustaceans
Maltose
The reaction
that breaking
down a
glycosidic bond
Hidrolysis
Benedict’s
Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Benedict’s
The solution for
the simpler
chemical test of
carbohydrates
Glycosidic
MAIN MAP
Metabolism
Carbohydrate
Structure
Aldose
3 C in
Text
4C
here
Ketose
Classification
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
3C
Glucose
Maltose
Starch
Galactose
Sucrose
Cellulose
5C
4C
5C
Fructose
Lactose
Glycogen
6C
6C
Glycosidic Linkage
Hydrolysis
Olygosaccharides
...Thank
You...
L/O/G/O
www.themegallery.com