By: Karthik Meda, Mehtab Chithiwala,
and Ariba Memon
 An Arrhenius acid is a substance that when
added to water increases the concentration of
H+ ions present.
 When writing an Arrhenius acid solution, the
hydrogen ion comes first.
HCl is an Arrhenius acid and its equation
is:
Other Arrhenius acids:
-HBr
-HI
-HNO3
Arrhenius base is a substance that when
added to water increases the concentration
of OH ions present.
 NaOH is an example of an Arrhenius base and its
equation is:
 Other Arrhenius bases:
-RbOH
-Mg(OH)2
An Arrhenius acid base pair will
always undergo
a neutralization reaction to make a
salt and water.
 The Bronsted Lowry Theory focuses on the relationship
of acids and bases to hydrogen ions, which are also
called protons.
 Unlike Arrehenius Theory, Bronsted-Lowry Theory can
describe:
- Reverse reactions for weak acid-base reactions by
using conjugate acid-base pairs.
Bronsted-Lowry Acid
 Bronsted-Lowry Acid is defined as any substance
that can donate one or more hydrogen ions when
mixed in a solution.
 Bronsted-Lowry Acids are also called Proton
Donors.
 Bronsted-Lowry Base is defined as any substance that can
accept one or more hydrogen ions when mixed in a soution.
 Bronsted-Lowry Bases are also called Proton Acceptors.
 This theory also validates substances that are classified as
bases even though they do not contain OH ions.
 Acids turn blue litmus paper to red.
 Acids taste sour.
 Anything lower then 7 on the pH scale are considered
acids.
 Oranges contain Citric Acid.
 Acids react strongly with metals.
 Acids feel like water on your skin.
 Can conduct electricity.
 Acids react with bases to form salt and water.
Vinegar is a type of acetic acid.
 Bases taste bitter.
 Bases feel like soap on our skin.
 Bases have a pH of 7 or greater.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), more commonly
known as bleach, is a base that we use everyday.
 Bases don’t react with metals.
 Can conduct electricity.
 Bases turn red Litmus paper into blue.
 Bases react with acids to form salts and water.
Toothpaste is a base which we come in contact with
everyday.
 The pH scale is a scale that ranges from 0-14 and
measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
 pH of 0 is considered very acidic, pH of 7 is
considered neutral, and pH of 14 is considered
very basic.
 A pH of 4 is 10 x more acidic than a pH of 5!
 A pH of 4 is ____ x more acidic than a pH of 6.
 100
 A pH of 10 is ____ x more acidic than a pH of 13.
 1000
 A pH of 13 is ____ x more basic (alkaline) than a
pH of 12.
 10
HF + H2O 

A
B
+
H3O
CA
+
F
CB
 According to Bronsted-Lowry, an acid _____
protons (hydrogens) and bases ____ protons
(hydrogens)
 Donates (gives away), accept (take)
 Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution in which
[OH-]=6.8 e –5 M.
 pOH = -log [OH+]
 pOH= 4.2
 pH = 9.8
 Is this an acid or a base?
 Base because the pH is 9.8
 pH of 2
 Feels slippery
 acid
 base
 Laundry detergent
 Colas
 base
 acid
 Donates Hydrogen
 Tomatoes
ions
 acid
 Tastes sour
 acid
 acid
 Bleach
 base
 NaCl
 Calcium hydroxide
 Sodium chloride
 Ca(OH)2
 H2SO4
 Hydrobromic acid
 Sulfuric acid
 HBr
 S3O5
 Nitric acid
 Trisulfur pentoxide
 HNO3
 Dinitrogen
tetrafluoride
 N2F4
 You are not responsible for any slides that come after
this.
Acid Rain
 Acid rain is combination of wet and dry deposition from the
atmosphere that contains higher than normal levels of acidic
components.
 The acidic components are mainly sulfuric, nitric and
carbonic acids, but there are also other chemicals such as
ammonia.
 Wet depositions are usually in form of rain, snow, and fog.
 Dry depositions are usually in form of wind, dust, and smoke.
Causes of Acid Rain
Acid rain forms when the emissions of acidic gasses react with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to
form acidic solutions.
Power plants release majority of the nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide by burning fossil fuels such as coal, in order to produce
electricity.
 Factories and motor vehicles also emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides and carbon dioxide.

Continued
Livestock also plays a major part by releasing ammonia from the
waste they create. Although ammonia is a base it is still a component
of acid rain because it combines with sulfer to form ammonium
sulfate.
 Natural events such as volcano eruptions, forest fires, lightning, and
decomposition of plants also release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides.

Effects of Acid Rain
 Acid rain induces toxic substances into the soil such as aluminum as
well as dissolve nutrients that are essential to the plants. They also
deteriorate leaves, thus making plants vulnerable to the natural
elements.
 Acid rain damages fishes and other aquatic life by harming the
organisms’ ability to reproduce and destroying the ecosystems by
dissolving essential nutrients and releasing aluminum.
Continued
 Acid rain ruins man-made structures and equipments by
dissolving marble, sandstone and limestone, corroding metals,
textiles, and paint. This not only destroys buildings but erases
cultural and historic traces by damaging irreplaceable
monuments.
 Humans are also affected by acid rain, by developing respiratory
problems, such as asthma, due to the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxide in the air.
Acid Rain Solution
 Alternative sources of energy are a great way to
minimize acid rain in the world. Renewable
sources such as solar and wind power can
eliminate the need to burn fossil fuels (which
contributes to 69.4% of the sulfur dioxide
emissions).
- This also includes use of low emission vehicles
such as electric cars that can reduce pollution.
Our own
comic about
acid rain.
YouTube videos. Note: We have received permission to use these videos.
 http://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/dfrieck/htdocs/212/rev/acidbase/arrhenius.htm
 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lakelandschools.us/lh/lbu
rris/images/absolution.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lakelandschools.us/lh/lburris/
pages/acid-base.htm&usg=__WmwyeikGuCbjjNdwR3FQXkpwAo=&h=275&w=200&sz=26&hl=en&start=8&itbs=1&tbnid=Qutoub1NE
ISGmM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=83&prev=/images%3Fq%3Darrhenius%2Bacids%26hl%
3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1
 http://www.vigoschools.net/~mmc3/ana%20lecture/Unit%205%20%20Acids,%20Bases%20and%20Equilibrium/L4%20-%20BronstedLowry%20Acid%20Definition.pdf
 http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what/index.html
 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-acid-rain.html