Casey Pasternak
Period: 4
Columbian Exchange: transfer of people, animals,
plants, and diseases between New & Old Worlds.
 Livestock/ agriculture to New World
 Crops to Old World

 New
World people lacked immunity to
diseases
 SMALLPOX
 Killed 50% or more….. 75% of Mayan
population disappears
 Yellow Fever kills Europeans
 Helped Europeans build empire and kept
Natives from fighting back
 Livestock
population grew
rapidly: not many
predators, a lot of space!
 The horse---increased
hunter efficiency, military
capacity, easier to hunt,
and changed cultures.
Created like their homelands
 Classes
 Aztec and Inca elites fought to keep their own
traditions
 Amerindian culture stayed under cover of
Christianity; influenced future Latin American
culture
 Brought slaves with African culture
Council of the Indies: supervised government and
commercial activity in Spanish colonies.
 limited by geography and power
 Eventually rule went to locals

 Catholic
Church: main transmission to
Christianity
 Wanted elites first
 Secretly kept old ways
 Resulted in torture, execution, and forced
conversion
 Ended up redirecting to cities
 Church controlled everything; very rich!
 Priest
 Advocate
for natives
 New Laws of 1542:
outlawed enslavement of
natives & limited forced
labor
 Peru
and Mexico– silver mines
 Brazil– sugar plantations
 Encomienda- forced labor
 1/7 of adult males work six months every
year in mines, farms, or textile factories.
 Women and children also joined
 African slave imports increased
 Illegal trading
 Slave
resistance
 African and
European cultures
blended
 Black population
grew rapidly
 Mixed
descent
groups
 Called “castas”




Came almost a century
after Spain and Portugal
British had more
European immigrants
than other colonies
Virginia Company from
London: funded
colonizing Virginia.
Took awhile to get
successful colony
 Indentured
slaves:
80% of all English
immigrants
 Could get trip in
return for years of
labor
 Slave population
skyrocket: 950 to
120,000
 House
of
Burgesses:
governor, council,
and representative
meetings.
 Democratic
 Big
on fur trade
 Weakened by conflicts and epidemics
 Amerindians attacked in 1700’s
 African slaves and culture strong in South
Carolina
 S. Carolina most hierarchial
 Welcome
Pilgrims!
 Wanted to break
from Church of
England
 The Puritans–
wanted to “purify”
 No cash crops. Used
fur, timber, and fish
for trade
 Trading
relationships with Iroquois
Confederacy– alliance with natives
 Successful economy: thank you New York City
 Pennsylvania- founded by William Penn
 Exported a lot of grain
 New
France colony
in Quebec
 Enemies with
Iroquois
Confederacy
 Competition among
natives—firearms
 Increased warfare
all through New
World
 *treated
Natives as
allies and trading
powers—unlike
other societies!
 Expanded West &
South
 France
vs. England
 Over population
growth & increasing
prosperity
 “Seven Years War”
 France surrender.
Gave Canada to
English and Louisiana
to Spain
 Long
period of economic
& demographic expansion
 Powers responded by
strengthening control in
colonies
 Wars in Americas and
along trade routes
 Intercolonial trade
increases
 Mining!
 Increased
taxes
 Rebellions and riots
 Tupac Amaru II- leader of rebellion in 1780
 Happened in Brazil with Portugese also
 Wealth from gold and diamonds paid for 2
million African slaves imported
 King
Charles II wanted tighter control on
colonies
 Ended by James II– but not without some
colonial rebellion!
 Social divisions more evident
 Increased military, taxes= not happy
colonists!