Conflict in the
Chesapeake
Chief Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy
 a few dozen small tribes
in the James River
area
Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan
Indian Village
Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
Relations between Indians & settlers
grew worse.
 General mistrust
 English raided Indian food supplies
during the starving times.
1610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan War
 Raided villages, burned houses, took
supplies, burned cornfields.
Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
1614-1622 peace (sealed by the marriage
of Pocahontas to John Rolfe)
1622-1644  periodic attacks
 1622  Large Indian attack killing 347
[including John Rolfe].
 Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war”
against the Nat. Am.
 Raids reduced native population and drove
them further westward.
Powhatan Uprising
of 1622
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Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
1644-1646  Second Anglo-Powhatan War
 Last effort of natives to defeat English.
 Indians defeated again.
Peace Treaty of 1646
 Removed the Powhatans from their original
land
 Formally separated Indian and English
settlement areas!- (beginning of reservation
system)
 Victim of 3 D’s; Disease, Disorganization, and
Disposability
Problems in Virginia
• An increasing population of small landowners (or landless /
former servants) put pressure on the frontier which led to
conflicts with the natives
• In addition, tobacco prices had fallen and taxes had increased on
Virginians
• VA Govenor: Willan Berkeley
• Urged frontier colonists to keep peace with Natives
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon was a
rebel leader that started
attacking Indian
settlements (he also
Berkley’s cousin)
• Bacon had enough
popular support to get
elected to the House of
Burgesses despite his
rebel status.
• When he arrived in
Jamestown to take his
seat a confrontation
occurred with Berkley.
Only write 1st bullet
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Jamestown was in disarray for
several months as control of the
town shifted back and forth.
• Bacon eventually burned
Jamestown to the ground and
soon after died of disease and
the rebellion fell apart.
• Berkley cracked down on the
followers of Bacon, seizing
property and ordering 23 of
them hanged.
DO NOT WRITE
The Legacy of Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676)
• Highlighted the tensions between land-owning
elite of coastal plantations versus the landless
former servants and backcountry small
farmers (CLASS WAR)
• The rebellion led many to seek a work force
that would be easier to control (slave) rather
than temporary white servants that would be
set free to demand rights and access to land
In addition to
indentured servants,
Virginia landowners also
used African slaves who
were first brought to
Jamestown in 1619
African slaves were transported from Africa to
America on slave ships across the “Middle Passage”
African
The
Slave
“Coffin”
Captives
auctionPosition
upon
Beingarrival
Thrown
Used Below
in Overboard
America
Desk
Slavery in the South was
80-90% of Southern
far more common than slaves were field workers,
in the Northern colonies
most on plantations
Slaves came from a variety of
Slaves used music
places in West Africa & had a & dance to maintain
variety of languages & cultures their African culture
Slave families were
common, but marriages
were not recognized
Slave religion often
blended African rituals
with Christianity
Slaves resisted by running In the Stono Rebellion
away, slowing down work, 150 slaves attacked &
or sabotaging equipment killed over 20 whites
Colonial Society in the South
• Use your textbook pg. 73-76, create a pyramid showing the
different levels of society in the South
• Using pg. 74-75 list the various ways African slaves were able
to adapt and form a distinct African American culture
Trouble in New
England
Warm Up Review
1. List all the colonies founded for religious freedom or
toleration (if linked to a particular religion note it!)
2. List as many colonial figures as your can and try to associate
them with their home colony.
3. List the key economic activities for the 3 colonial regions.
Can you explain how geography/environment led to these
activities?
4. Explain the significance of the House of Burgesses and the
Mayflower Compact.
5. List any colonies founded for reasons other than religion and
give their reason for establishment.
6. How did the colonies use forced labor?
7. How would you describe the relationship between the
English colonists and the Native Americans? Give examples.
Puritans vs. Native Americans
Indians especially weak in New England 
disease wiped out ¾ of the natives
 Cooperation between local Natives
helped by Squanto. (Knew English)
1621  Chief Massasoit signed
treaty
Autumn, 1621 
celebrated the First Thanksgiving.
The First Thanksgiving?
In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed
Thanksgiving an official US holiday.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
Only hope for Native Americans to
resist whit expansion was to
UNITE.
Metacom [King Philip to
white settlers]
 united Indians and staged
coordinated attacks
on white settlements throughout New
England.
 Frontier settlements forced to
retreat to Boston.
King Philip’s War
DO NOT WRITE
• Fifty-two English towns were attacked and a dozen
of them were destroyed.
• 2,500 colonists died, approximately 30% of the
New England population.
• At least twice as many natives died.
• Some historians believe that between war, disease
and starvation, half of the native population
perished during the fighting.
• Many tribes were disbanded completely due to
the war.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
The war ended in failure for the Indians
 Had slowed western expansion of colonists, but only
for a few decades
 Never a serious threat in New England again!!
By the 1660s,
Churches responded with the
many New England Halfway Covenant which gave
towns experienced
full church membership
a drop-off in
to people who had not had a
church membership
“conversion experience”
This
compromise
brought people
back to the
church, but
showed the
weakening of
strict Puritan
practices to
keep members
Religion played a role in the Salem
witchcraft trials in 1692 when several
young girls accused people of being witches
The hysteria was caused
by tensions over land
ownership, Indian attacks,
& religious disagreements
As a result of the trials,
19 people were killed &
150 citizens were jailed
By the 1700s,
In the 1730s & 1740s,
church attendance
the Great Awakening began
in the colonies
as preachers used revivals to
had declined
encourage religious conversions
Great Awakening
1730’s-1740’s
First major religious revival
“Old lights” v. “New Lights
New denominations
Emotional style of
preaching
Preachers like
Jonathan Edwards &
George Whitefield were
popular evangelists
Preachers used “fire &
passion” & “camp revivals”
to encourage people to
examine their faith
The Great Awakening led
to a rise of new religious
denominations like
Methodists & Baptists
The Great Awakening
took place in all colonies
& became the first
national American event
Choose 1 of the following colonial women and write a letter to
your friends describing your life, the lives of your husbands,
children and the rest of your community. Be sure to include the
good and the bad.
Woman #1: Southern Colonial women living in the
Chesapeake region. (pg 66-72)
Woman #2: Slave women living in the Chesapeake
region or the Deep South. (pg 72-76)
Woman #3: New England Woman living in a typical
New England Town (pg 76-82)
Jonathan Edwards, On the Revival in Northampton (1734)
These awakenings, when they have first seized on persons, have had two effects: one was, that they have brought them
immediately to quit their sinful practices, and the looser sort have been brought to forsake and dread their former vices and
extravagancies. When once the Spirit of Gob began to be so wonderfully poured out in a general way through the town, people had
soon done with their old quarrels, backbitings, and intermeddling with other men’s matters; the tavern was soon left empty, and
persons kept very much at home…The other effect was, that it put them on earnest application to the means of salvation, reading,
prayer, meditation, the ordinances of God’s house, and private conference; their cry was, What shall we do to be saved?
The Testimony and Advice of an Assembly of Pastors of Churches in New England (1743)
If it is the duty of every one capable of observation and reflection, to take a constant religious notice of what occurs in the daily
course of common providence; how much more is it expected that those events in the divine economy, wherein there is a signal
display of the power, grace and mercy of God in behalf of the church, should be observed with sacred wonder, pleasure, and
gratitude! Nor should the people of God content themselves with silent notice, but publish with the voice of thanksgiving, and
tell of all his wondrous works.
Charles Chauncy, Enthusiasm Described and Cautioned Against (1742)
But in nothing does the enthusiasm of these persons discover it self more, than in the disregard they express to the Dictates of
reason. They are above the force of argument, beyond conviction from a calm and sober address to their understandings…They
feel the hand of GOD moving them within, and the impulses of this SPIRIT; and cannot be mistaken in what they feel. Thus they
support themselves, and are sure reason hath nothing to do with what they see and feel…And in vain will you endeavor to
convince such perons of any mistakes they are fallen into. They are certainly in the right, and know themselves to be so. They
have the SPIRIT opening their understandings and revealing the truth to them. They believe only as he has taught them: and to
suspect they are in the wrong is to do dishonor to the SPIRIT; ‘this to oppose his dictates, to set up their own wisdom in
opposition to his, and shut their eyes against that light with which he has shined into their souls. They are not therefore capable
of being argued with; you had as good reason with the wind…
The Testimony of the President, Professors, Tutors and Hebrew Instructors of Harvard College in Cambridge, Against the
Revered Mr. George Whitefield, and His Conduct (1744)
And in what Condition much that People be, who stand ready to be led by a Man that conducts himself according to his Dreams,
or some ridiculous and unaccountable Impulses and Impressions on his Mind?