Chemistry
of Life
CARBOHYDRATES
( Organic Compound )
CARBOHYDRATES
 It consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O).
 Considered as the chief source of
energy.
 It includes sugar and starch.
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with
3 to 7 carbon atoms.
CARBOHYDRATES
 Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20
monosaccharides.
 Polysaccharides consist of tens or hundreds of
monosaccharides joined through dehydration
synthesis.
 Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are
polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded
differently.
 Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many
times. What is Chitin?
CARBOHYDRATES
 Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are joined in a
dehydration synthesis.
 Disaccharides can be broken down by
hydrolysis.
Roles of Carbohydrates in the Body
 It serve as the backbone of other molecules.
 It serves as stored energy .
 It is most common source of energy in the
body.
 It combines with protein to form structural
components of living cells.
Classification of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharide - Simple sugars that consist
of only one sugar molecule
 Disaccharide – composed of two
monosaccharide molecules
 Polysaccharides – a complex form of
carbohydrates that consist of 3 or more
monosaccharide molecules
CARBOHYDRATES
 Monosaccharide
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
 Disaccharide
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
 Polysaccharide
- starch
- Cellulose
- glycogen
- chitin
MONOSACCHARIDES
 Are building blocks of more
complex forms of sugars
 Common monosaccharide are;
- glucose - galactose - fructose
 C6H12O6 is the chemical formula of
monosaccharides
GLUCOSE
 The most common monosaccharide
 Known as dextrose or sugar in
blood
 Its an indispensable component of
mammalian (invertebrate &
vertebrate) blood
 It easily dissolves in water & passes
trough cell membrane
GALACTOSE
 A part of LACTOSE
 Known as milk sugar
 C6H12O6 is the chemical formula
(same as glucose and fructose) but
with different structure
FRUCTOSE
 It is the sweetest sugar (10x than
lactose)
 Known as the corn sugar or fruit sugar
 Found in fruits such as atis, melon, and
ripe mangoes
DISACCHARIDES
 Formed when 2 monosaccharide
molecules bond together
chemically
 C12H22O11 is the chemical formula
of double sugar
DEHYDRATION
SYSNTHESIS
 The removal of water molecule
when combining two
monosaccharide (simple sugars).
HYDROLYSIS
 It is a chemical reaction in which a
disaccharide reacts with water to
form monosaccharide (simple
sugar).
Processes of forming and
breaking down
disaccharides
SUCROSE
 It is formed when glucose and
fructose are combined chemically.
 Known as the common table salt.
 It is soluble in water but too big to
enter the cell.
LACTOSE
 Known as milk sugar.
 Composed of glucose + galactose,
which is synthesized in the
mammary gland.
 The more lactose a milk contains,
the sweeter it is.
MALTOSE
 Known as malt sugar
 It is a raw material in making beer.
POLYSACCHARIDES
 A long chain of simple sugar also
known as complex carbohydrates.
STARCH
 It is the stored carbohydrate in
plants.
 It is made up of several glucose.
GLYCOGEN
 It is the stored carbohydrates in
animals.
 It is the source of our reserve energy.
 If animals could not store glycogen,
they would be eating every minute.
 Improper utilization of glycogen will
result to genetic ailments and other
diseases.
CELLULOSE
 It is an insoluble carbohydrates
abundant in the wall of plant cells.
 It is hard to digest by humans; thus
it serves as fiber that provides
roughage.
 High-fiber diet help reduce the risk
of having constipation,
hemorrhoids and colon/rectal
cancer and can speed up the
transit of stool to lower intestine
and out of the body.
CHITIN
 It is a long, unbrached chain of
polysaccharide.
 It is the 2nd most abundant organic
compound.
 It forms part of the exoskeleton of
insects, arachnids and crustaceans
for their protection.
Side effects of Carbohydrates
 Excessive carbohydrates can cause an
increase in total caloric intake, causing
obesity and pancreatic cancer in women.
 Deficient carbohydrates can cause a lack of
calories (malnutrition) or excessive intake
of fat to make up the calories.
 Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets
contribute to hyperinsulinemia and
hypertriglyceridemia.
CARBOHYDRATES