Bentley & Ziegler, TRADITIONS
AND ENCOUNTERS, 2/e
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
Today’s topics
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The Foundations of Industrialization
Industrial Society
• Social consequences
• Political consequences
• Global consequences
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Soccer
Today’s questions
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Why did the industrial revolution
take place?
What were the major consequences
of the industrial revolution?
Why isn’t soccer the national game
of the United States?
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
Foundations of Industrialization
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The British advantage: agricultural
productivity, numerous skilled artisans,
navigable waterways, advanced banking and
financial institutions, a supportive
government
The backdrop was that of an increasing
consumer demand in Europe – an early
integration of markets
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
• Foundations of Industrialization
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Industrialization was fuelled by the pace of
innovation – good examples are with Crompton’s
‘mule’ (1779) and Cartwright’s power loom (1785),
or Watt’s steam engine (1765) and Stephenson’s
steam locomotive (1815)
The factory system replaced the ‘putting out’ system
– but it also created a new urban laboring class, and
there were early revolts against industrialization by
the Luddites who feared losing their livelihood and
lifestyle
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
• Foundations of Industrialization
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Britain eventually lost it’s lead as Belgium, France
and Germany began to develop.
By 1900, the United States, backed by plentiful labor
and resources, became a major industrial power and
innovator (e.g. Eli Whitney’s use of interchangeable
parts and Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly
line). These innovations were backed by a set of
theoretical ideas (Taylorization)
Corporations and monopolies became the staples of
western European and North American
Industrialization
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
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Industrial Society
• Long term effects of the industrial revolution
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Population growth: the population of Europe grew
from 105 to 390 million between 1700 and 1900, and
that of the Americas from 13 to 145 million. The
fertility rate declined, but the mortality rate
plummeted.
Growth of consumerism and a ‘wage economy’
Emergence of major industrial cities
Emergence of the middle classes and a narrowing of
the gap between the richest and poorest
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
• Social Effects of Industrialization
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The transformation of the family, with the rise of the
nuclear family and the destruction of the extended
familty as an economic unit.
Changing gender roles (but was there ever a ‘golden
era’ of women’s roles?). Women became seen as a
source of cheap, unskilled, often temporary, labor
On the positive side, slavery was eventually
abolished as the plentiful supply of cheap labor
rendered it economically inefficient
On the negative side, the condition of the proletariat
was little more than slavery
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
• Political consequences of
industrialization
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As the middle-classes became more and
more prosperous, there were increasing
demands for political inclusion and
democracy (succeeded in Britain, failed in
Germany)
Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism
were born as ideologies that opposed the
brutal conditions of the proletariat
Trade Unions emerged to fight for better
working conditions and worker’s rights
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Making of Industrial Society
• Global Effects of Industrialization
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Industrialization eventually spread to some
places beyond western Europe and the
United States, e.g. Russia and Japan
However, many colonies became not
industrial powers but suppliers of raw
materials – some later industrialized, but
others remained dependent on industrialized
nations
Today’s questions revisited
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The industrial revolution was the outcome of a
series of circumstantial factors – agricultural
reform, technological innovation, capital
formation, and political will
The industrial revolution truly transformed
society, and created an entirely new landscape of
social and gender relations; it also unleashed
powerful new political ideologies
There is no soccer in the United States because
of the historical fragmentation of the working
classes and the Taylorization of the economy!