BONES AND MUSCLES
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2.BONES
The framework of the human body is
composed of 206 bones and it forms the
skeletal system. This system has 5 major
functions. The skeleton gives shape and
support to your body. Bones protect your
internal organs. Major muscles are
attached to bone and help them move.
Blood cells are formed in the center of
the soft tissue called marrow. Finally,
major quantities of calcium and
phosphorous compound, which make
bones hard, are stored in the skeleton.
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3. BONE FORMATION
Osteoclasts are cells that break down these
specialized organs.
Osteoblasts are cells that form these
specialized organs.
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4.PERIOSTEUM
Periosteum: a living bone’s surface is
covered with this tough tight fitting
membrane. Blood vessels contained
within carry nutrients to the bone.
Cells involved in the growth and repair
of bones are also found in the
periosteum. There are two types of
bones under the periosteum, spongy
and compact.
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5.COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE
Compact Bone: This is located directly under the
periosteum. Calcium and phosphate components make
compact strong. Bone cells and blood vessels are found
in this layer. Compact bone is arranged in circular
structures called the Haversian system. This system
consists of tiny connected channels through which blood
vessels and nerve fibers pass.
Spongy Bone: Spongy bone is located towards the end of long
bones like your thigh and upper arm. Spongy bone has many
small open spaces that make the bones lightweight. In the
center of long bones are large opening called cavities. These
cavities and spaces in spongy bone are filled with marrow.
Some marrow is yellow and is made f fat cells. Red marrow
produces red blood cells at a rate of 2-3 million per second.
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6. CARTILAGE
Cartilage: cartilage is the
smooth slippery thick layer of
tissue what covers the ends
of bones. There are no blood
vessels or minerals contained
in cartilage. Nutrients are
delivered by nearby blood
vessels. Because cartilage is
flexible acts like a shock
absorber for the joints. It also
reduces friction caused by
bones rubbing together.
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7. JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS
Joint: A place where two or more bones come
together.
Ligament: This is a tough band of tissue that
holds the bones together at the joints.
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8. MOVABLE AND IMMOVABLE JOINTS
Immovable joints: These are joints that allow little or no
movement. The skull and pelvis are examples.
Movable joints: These allow the body to move in a wide range
of motions. There are 4 types of moveable joints: pivot, ball
and socket, hinge and gliding.
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9. MOVABLE JOINTS
Ball and Socket: This a ball with a rounded
end that fits in the cavity of another bone.
Swinging arms and legs in any direction is an
example of this motion.
Hinge: This joint has a smaller range and has
a back and forth motion like a door. These
joints are found in elbows, knees and fingers.
Gliding: This joint is where one part of the
bone slides over another and they also move
back and forth. They are found in wrists
ankles and in between vertebrae
Pivot: One bone rotates in a ring of another
bone that does not move. Turning your head
is an example.
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10. MUSCLES
9.MUSCLES
There are 600 muscles in the muscular system. Muscles
connect some of the bones in your body. A muscle is an organ
that can relax, contract and provide the force to move a body.
As a result energy is used and work is done.
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11. VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY
MUSCLES
Involuntary muscles: These are muscles that cannot be consciously
controlled. This is how blood is pumped and food is digested.
Voluntary muscles: These are muscles that can be consciously controlled.
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12. MUSCLE TYPES
Skeletal muscles: these are muscles that move
bones.
Cardiac muscle: These type of muscles are
found only in the heart. The cardiac muscle is
striated and it contracts about 70 times per
minute every day all day.
Smooth muscle: These muscles are found in the
intestines, bladder, blood vessels and other
internal organs. They are non-striated and they
contract and relax slowly.
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13. WORKING MUSCLES AND TENDONS
Working muscles: When one muscle in a
pair contracts the other relaxes. Chemical
energy is used in this process.
Tendons: These are thick bands of
tissues that connect skeletal
muscles to bones.
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14. HOW MUSCLES MOVE
How do muscles and bones work together to produce movement?
When the muscles contract they pull on the bones they are attached
to, to create movement. The muscles action of pulling on the bones
helps them move in all different directions. We need muscles to move
involuntary and voluntary. Muscles create 85% of body heat, and hold
our posture. The brain sends impulses to the muscles to move bones,
which is movement. One needs the other to work. Together they
produce bodily movement. When the brain sends impulses to the
muscles, it causes them to contract and because they are connected
to the bones the bones are moved along with the muscles.
Muscles receive messages from brain through the somatic nervous
system telling the muscles to move. Muscles listen and contract then
the bone is pulled along with the muscle by the tendon. The bone is
there to support the body.
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15. LEVERS
There are 3 types of levers in this
body system called
1st , 2nd and 3rd class.
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THE END
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