ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
1
Arthropods
Invertebrate animals
that
have
jointed
limbs, a segmented
body,
and
an
exoskeleton.
Examples are
– Insects
– Arachnids
– Centipedes
– Crustaceans
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Arthropods As Parasites
Certain insects and arachnids become
parasites when they transmit pathologic
organisms, cause skin irritations, and
produce toxins.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Insect Characteristics
Insects have six legs
Many have wings
But some are wingless
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Arachnid Characteristics
Have eight legs
Wingless
Some produce toxins
Some are so small
must be seen under a
microscope
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Flies
“That person is so
nice.” “He wouldn’t
even harm a fly”.
These two statements
sometimes give the
impression that the fly,
although
sometimes
annoying, is harmless.
This is far from the
truth.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Flies
Running from flies will
cause the animal to use
up
energy
which
sometimes will result in
weight loss.
Some flies bite, (female
mosquitoes),
which
causes blood loss,
tissue damage, and can
transmit bacterial, viral,
and parasitic diseases to
the host.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Biting and Nuisance Flies
Biting
–
–
–
–
–
Nuisance
– House flies
– Face flies
– Bottle flies
Mosquitoes
Black flies
Horse flies
Deer flies
Stable flies
– Photo credit: Bastiaan (Bart) Drees
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Biting and Nuisance Flies
Biting
Nuisance
– Deliver painful bites
– Loose weight
– Carry diseases
– The do not bite
– Carry diseases
– Annoy by feeding on eye
and nose secretions
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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The Stable Fly
Carriers of disease
Annoying blood
suckers
Require
moist
places to lay eggs
Photo by : Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Horn Flies
Blood suckers and very
annoying
Half the size of the
housefly
Majority of lifecycle
spent on or near cattle
Cow spends a majority of
her time trying to get
away from the pests thus
reducing production
Photo by : Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology
Photo by: Jack Campbell, UNL Entomology
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Bot Flies
Cause animals to panic which is called “Gadding”
CREDITS: J. F. Butler, University of Florida
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Bot Flies
Eggs hatch and penetrate the skin
CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell
University, Dept. of Entomology
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Bot Flies
Maggots (larvae) are parasitic
Migrate to back, form warbles, cut breathing holes
Damage to the hide
CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz - Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell University,
Dept. of Entomology
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Cuterebra
Infect rabbits, mice, rats, and squirrels but rarely
problem in cats and dogs
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Cuterebra
Also known as bots
Photo by : Jim Kalisch
UNL Entomology
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Cuterebra
Larvae known as wolf or wolf worms
Courtesy of Shari Nelsen, Lincoln
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Sheep Keds
Wingless fly spending entire lifecycle on sheep
Deposits fully develop larvae in the wool not eggs
Adults feed off the blood causing intense pain
Spring shearing and some insecticides
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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The Screwworm Fly
Myiasis – Larval fly disease
Eradication in U.S. in the 1950’s
Sterilization of the male
Importation restrictions
Photos by: The National Agricultural Library Special Collections
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Fleas
They bite the animal and eat
the blood.
Can be an intermediate host;
i.e. tapeworm
Carries several diseases; i.e.
Bubonic plague
Life cycle can be as short as
16 days or as long as 2 years
The adult will lay her eggs but
they do not stick to the host
“Flea dirt” is the source of
food for the larvae
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Flea Lifecycle - Ctenocephalides
1.
Female
flea feeds on
host’s blood
and lays eggs
5. Adult emerges
and looks for
new host
2. Eggs fall
off host
3. Eggs hatch in 2 to 12 days
4. Larvae pupates
for 7 days to 2 years
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Are These Mites or Lice?
Two Orders of Lice
Anoplura – Sucking Lice
Mallophaga – Biting Lice
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Lifecycles
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Lice
Lice can infest dogs and
cats year round
Horses and cattle usually
get lice in the winter
Lice are very host
specific
They must live on their
host at all times
Can cause intense itching,
pain, and hair loss
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Lice Lifecycle
2. Adult lice
must live on the
host at all times
1. Lice are passed to
others by direct
contact
with
an
infested host
4. Nit develops into
an immature adult
stage (nymph), then
into an adult
3. Adult lice lay
eggs called nits that
stick to host’s hair
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Lice Versus Mites
Hog Louse
– Insect
– 6 legs
– Can be seen
Scroptic Mange Mite
– Arachnids
– 8 legs
– Cannot be Seen
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Mites
Not know if host specific
Transmission to humans is by physical
contact.
Secondary infections from scratching
Female burrows into skin, lays eggs, larvae
migrate to the top and wanders around
causing intense irritation of the skin
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Demodectic Mange
Affects dogs
Caused by Demodex mite
Extreme itching, edema, and bleeding
Secondary bacterial infections follow
Considered a genetic defect
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Sarcoptic Mange
Affects several different
animal species including
humans
Also known as scabies
Caused by the Sarcoptes
scabiei mite
Extreme itching, edema,
and bleeding
Secondary
bacterial
infections follow
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Notoedric Mange
Feline mange mite called Notoedres cati
Similar to Sarcoptes
Ears, Face, and Neck
Highly contagious
Dry and crusty skin
Secondary infections
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Ticks
Largest of the arachnids
Annoying, blood suckers, carry disease
Difficult to control because of the variety of
hosts
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Tick Families
Hard Ticks – Ixodids
– Brown Dog Tick
Soft Ticks – Argasids
– Fowl Tick
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Lifecycles
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Lifecycle of Ixodes dammini
4.
Nymph
develops
and
feeds on dogs,
other mammals,
and humans
1. Adults mate and
feed on deer
2. Eggs are laid
and hatch
3. Larvae develops
feeds on small
animals
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Tick Classifications
ONE HOST
The easiest to
control because
they spend all
three of their
feeding stages on
one host.
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Lifecycles
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Tick Classifications
TWO HOST
Remains on one
host for one stage
of its life cycle
and the other two
stages
on
a
different host.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Tick Classifications
THREE HOST
Spend the larvae
and nymph stage
on one animal
and the adult
stage feeds on a
different animal.
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Lifecycles
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Ectoparasite Review
1. What are ectoparasites?
2. Ectoparasites are either ______ or _______.
3. True or False - Important insect parasites are
grouped as flies, fleas, and lice.
4. True or False - Mosquitoes are parasitic flies.
5. Describe the damage that is caused by flies.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Ectoparasite Review
6. How do fleas harm animals?
7. How long is a flea’s life cycle?
8. True or False – Mites and lice are both the same
parasite.
9. True or False - Scroptic mange is caused by the
Brown dog tick.
10. True or False - Ticks have only one host.
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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Phone:
Toll Free (800) 357-3182 or (940) 380-8858
Address:
2701 Hartlee Field Road, Denton, TX 76208
Fax:
(940) 381-1847
E-Mail:
info@4act.com
ACT - Ectoparasite Id and
Lifecycles
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