Any Questions on Ben Franklin Assignment?
All but which of the following statements are descriptive of
Benjamin Franklin?
A) he was one of the leading printers in the American colonies
B) he was a founding member of the American Philosophical
Society
C) he founded the Academy of Philadelphia with a focus on
theology
D) he was a successful inventor of bifocals, an efficient stove, and
the lightning rod, among other items
E) he organized the first lending library in the colonies
Answer: C) he founded the Academy of Philadelphia with a focus on theology
Explanation: Besides his pivotal roles in both the Revolutionary War and the Constitutional
Convention, Benjamin Franklin was an accomplished inventor, philosopher, scientist, printer,
and public servant. The College of Philadelphia, unlike Harvard and Yale, did not focus on
theology or religion. Franklin "favored an education that stressed practical skills that would
serve students regardless of what line of work they took up." (University of Pennsylvania
website)
Read, analyze chart and answer the questions
In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the
Constitution…The count was necessary in order to
determine taxation and representation in Congress. All
free people were counted, as well as “three-fifths of all
other Persons.” Indians were excluded.
1.
2.
3.
4.
City
1790
1800
1810
Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Charleston
18,038
33,131
45,529
13,503
16,359
24,937
60,489
69,403
26,114
20,473
33,250
96,373
91,874
35,583
24,711
What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur?
What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons?
Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown?
Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?
1. Washington’s Presidency
 Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797
 VP: John Adams
2. US Problems = Solutions
 Government on paper but not in practice
 Precedents
 Develops first
 Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson
 Supreme Court
 Debt
Farmers refuse to
 Excise taxes and tariffs
 Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 pay Whiskey tax
to US Govt.
 Confidence in new Constitution
“Mobocracy”
 Whiskey Rebellion
 Successfully put down by Washington, 1794
notes1
The Possibility of War
Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain
Forts for debts
Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain
Open up the Mississippi River
French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US
US asked to help France in war with England
Neutrality Act---Washington warns US to
stay neutral and not side with the French.
4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796
Two ways the US can stay unified
Avoid
political parties
Military alliances with Europe
Neutrality----Isolation
notes2
Achievements:
•Sound
economic
foundation
•westward
expansion
•Kept us out of
war
Election Results of 1788
Presidential election
results map. Numbers
indicate the number of
electoral votes allotted
to each state. (Note:
North Carolina and
Rhode Island had not
yet ratified the
Constitution, the New
York legislature was
deadlocked, and
Vermont was
operating as a de facto
unrecognized state.)
1792 Election Results
(16 states in the Union)
George Washington
Virginia
Federalist
132
97.8%
John Adams
Massachusetts
Federalist
77
57.0%
George Clinton
New York
DemocraticRepublican
50
37.0%
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
DemocraticRepublican
4
3.0%
Aaron Burr
New York
Federalist
1
0.7%
6
4.4%
Electoral Votes Not
Cast
---
-----
Total Number of Electors
132
Total Electoral Votes Cast
264
Number of Votes for a
Majority
67
1792 Election Results
Wash inaugural
•New Constitution
and Government
take effect on April
30, 1789.
•Washington
begins his
presidency in New
York City and
alternates between
there and
Philadelphia.
•Capital city at this
time was New York
City.
Precedents are models,
examples or influences other
Presidents would follow
What to call the President? Mr.
President
President sets their own personal style
Cabinet appointed by President and
advises him
VP—John Adams-- has no official duties
President acts independent from Congress
Congress relies on the advice of the President
Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else
edents
prec
cabinet
Cabinet advises the President and heads up
an agency of the government
Department of State-----Foreign affairs
•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs
•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury
Department of War-------------------Military affairs
•Henry Knox----Secretary of War
Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs
•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
Postmaster General-------------------Postal system
•Samuel Osgood
•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a
valuable role in the beginning of our nation.
•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our
country would go economically, politically and socially.
•President Washington was stuck in the middle of these
two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.
political
Federalist Beliefs
Leader
Appealed
to
Ideas of
Government
Domestic
Policy
Foreign
Policy
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams
Manufacturers, merchants,
wealthy and educated….
Favored seaboard cities
Strong government over states
Loose Construction of Constitution
•Implied powers
Wealthy and educated involved
Limit freedoms of speech & press
Preferred govt. similar to a king
Supported National Bank—BUS
Supported excise tax
National debt good for country
National govt. assume state debts
Tariffs should be high
Opposed French Revolution
Wanted war with French
Favored the British
(former Anti-Federalists)
Democratic-Republicans
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Farmers and Planters
common man
Favored the South and West
State’s rights over National Govt.
Strict construction of Constitution
•Expressed/Enumerated powers
Common man but educated
Bill of Rights is sacred
Lesser government the better
Against National Bank—BUS
Against excise tax
Against National debt
States pay their own debts
Tariffs should be low
Supported French Revolution
Opposed war with French
Favored the French
•President Washington appoints 6
justices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress
created lower courts to assist the
Supreme Court.
John Jay first
Chief Justice
of the Supreme
Court
precedents
•President
Washington
faced several
Indian
problems.
•British were
supplying the
tribes with arms
and ammunition
to attack US
settlers.
•Washington
sent General
“Mad Anthony”
Wayne to defeat
the Indian
tribes.
War in the Old
Northwest Territory
Several tribes, led by Little
Turtle of the Miamis, scored
early victories (1790–91)
The Miamis were defeated
at Fallen Timbers by
General Mad Anthony
Wayne (1794)
War in the Old
Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
• (1795) gave USA right to settle most
of Ohio
• First formal recognition of Indian
sovereignty over land not ceded by
treaty
Map 13 of 45
Problems with Diplomacy
British forts on
U.S. soil. Still
haven’t removed
troops and
supplying Indians
with weapons
Disputed land
claims with Spain.
Cut off Mississippi
River
Territorial issues with
Great Britain
Jays
Conflicts with Britain
•British made
neutrality difficult:
maintained trading
posts on US soil,
sold firearms to
Indians.
•Collaborated with
Indians to check
US expansion to
frontier.
Conflicts with Britain
• 1793- War broke out between France and
Great Britain
• British expected Americans to defend
French West Indies, so attacked US
merchant ships, seizing about 300
– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
– What was the policy of impressment?
impressment
Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men
and forcing them into your navy
Jay’s Treaty
• Jeffersonians called for war while the
Federalists resisted
• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief
Justice John Jay to London (1794).
• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s
loyalty.
• Hamilton feared war with England
Jay’s Treaty
• British remove forts from
US soil (should have been
done in 1783
• British agreed but required
US to pay old debts on
pre-Revolution accounts.
John Jay is burnt in
effigy because
Americans believed he
sold out to the British.
• Allowed US to negotiate
separate treaties with
Indian tribes
• Opened westward
expansion for US settlers.
Jay’s Treaty
• US guaranteed favored
treatment to British
imported goods
• Did not stop impressment
nor did it protect the rights
of “American Shipping”
John Jay is burnt in
effigy because
Americans believed he
sold out to the British.
• Reality- canceled AmericanFrench alliance
Reaction to Jay’s Treaty
• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to
Britain, betrayal of South
• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new opposition partyDemocratic-Republican party, tarnished
Wash.’s popularity.
• Critics –aligned with Monarchical GB over
Republican France
• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US
free use of Mississippi, disputed territory
north of FL.
Spain cut off our
farmers right to use the
Mississippi River and
deposit their crops in
New Orleans.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi
River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between
Spanish Florida and US……
The Pinckney Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
(A) helped prevent a naval war with France
(B) awarded all of Spanish Florida to the U.S.
(C) provided for the removal of British forces from forts in
American territory
(D) opened up the Northwest to white settlement by
forcing Indian tribes to give up lands north of the Ohio
River
(E) granted Americans the right to use New Orleans as a
port for shipping
Answer:
(E) granted Americans the right to use New Orleans as a
port for shipping
Thomas Pinckney
Explanation:
Spain's control of Florida and the mouth of the Mississippi River at New Orleans presented a
western and southern challenge to the Washington administration. The agreement between
Spain and the U.S. ratified in 1796, set the southern border of the U.S. at the 31st parallel and
granted Americans navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
Congress & Sec. of Treasury
Alexander Hamilton solve
debt problems (5 parts):
Foreign Debt
$11,710,000
Federal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
•Establish good credit with
foreign nations, credit worthiness,
sell bonds to people (loan to govt.)
•Pay off $80 million debt, creation
of a new national debt
•Create a national bank with a
national currency, Bank of the
US, “financial agent”
•Excise Tax: Raise money for govt
backed by gold silver, tax on
producers of whiskey
Misc.
Revenue
Excise
Tax
on Whiskey
Custom
Duties
(Tariffs)
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called
the Assumption Act led to the creation of
Washington, D.C.
debt
•Tariff: a tax on imports, then
govt. subsidies for factories
BUS
HAMILTON
JEFFERSON
•Safe place to deposit and
transfer money
•Against the Constitution
•Provide loans to government
and state banks
•A national currency---$$$$$
•An investment by people to buy
stock into US bank
•State banks would collapse
•Only wealthy could invest in
bank and would control bank
than control the government
•Hurt the common man
•Constitution did not forbid a
national bank….Loose
construction of Constitution
•Strict construction…If it is not
mentioned in the Constitution
than there can’t be a national
bank.
•National debt good for country
•Against a national debt
Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain
• Strongly opposed in South
• Famous dinner 1790
• Agreed to accept Hamilton’s
fiscal plans (exception of
subsidies to manufacturing)
• Agreed to a permanent national
capital on Potomac River
between Maryland and
Virginia
“Federal City”
Hamilton's Financial Plans
Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton advocated all but
which of the following in establishing a firm national
economic base?
(A) protective tariffs for domestic industries
(B) assuming the debts of the individual states
(C) a tax on exported tobacco and cotton
(D) assuming the debts of the Confederation Congress
(E) establishment of a national bank
Answer:
The Report on Manufactures, one of
Hamilton's grand economic plans
(C) a tax on exported tobacco and cotton
Explanation:
Part of the Commerce Compromise of the 1787
Constitutional Convention was a restriction on taxing
exports, a concession to the Southern agricultural states. All
of the other choices were elements of Hamilton's financial
plans.
All but which of the following were
elements of Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton's financial plans:
Hamilton's Financial Plans
A) establish the creditworthiness of the U.S. to
encourage loans to the government
B) assume the responsibility for the debt accrued
during the Revolutionary War by paying it off at full
face value
C) creation of local or "pet" banks to distribute the
government's money throughout the regions of the U.S
D) the imposition of a tariff to support American
industries
E) a tax on the producers of whiskey
Answer:
C) creation of local or "pet" banks to distribute the government's money throughout the regions
of the U.S.
Explanation: Hamilton's goal of establishing the U.S. as a nation deserving of loans proved to
be an important source of economic development in the early years of the Republic. One of his
chief proposals was a national bank, the Bank of the U.S., which was modeled on the Bank of
England and created as a private corporation and not a branch of the federal government. Local
or "pet" banks were part of Andrew Jackson's scheme to kill the Bank of the U.S. in the 1830s.
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by
Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed
this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
•Farmer’s revolt in
western
Pennsylvania.
•Refused to pay
Hamilton’ s excise
tax
•Believed it was an
unfair tax.
•Were called the
“Whiskey Rebels”
Whiskey
•Issue at hand was
testing the power of
the new Constitution
Outcome:
•Demonstrated to the
people that this new
constitution was
powerful enough to
put down domestic
rebellions,
“mobocracy”
•Showed the power of
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the
the national
Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,
government
Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.
French Revolution in America
The execution of
French Queen Marie Antoinette,
one of the French Revolution's key events
Reaction to the French Revolution in the United
States included all of the following except
(A) concern from Hamilton's supporters about the
breakdown in authority
(B) enthusiasm from Jefferson's supporters who saw
this as a natural extension of the spirit of the
American Revolution
(C) Citizen Genet travelling through the U.S. and
building support for the restoration of the French
monarchy
(D) Washington adopting a neutral course with the
issuance of a proclamation of neutrality
(E) early popular enthusiasm for the uprising
replaced with a cooling of support as executions
mounted
Answer: (C) Citizen Genet travelling through the
U.S. and building support for the restoration of the
French monarchy
Explanation:
Early support and enthusiasm as a result of the reports of the popular uprising in France faded as news
reached the U.S. of numerous executions and the passage of radical laws. Hamilton's supporters were
appalled by the excesses, while Jeffersonian’s tended to side with the revolutionaries. Washington steered a
middle course. Citizen Genet enlisted the support of American privateers to harass British shipping after
the new French Republic declared war on Britain and sought official U.S. support and recognition of the
revolutionaries. Washington, this time supported by both Hamilton and Jefferson, refused.
French Rev
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
•similar to King George
•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
French Rev
•Executions of King
Louis the 16th and Marie
Antoniette in 1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror”
during French
Revolution where 40,000
opponents of the new
govt. were beheaded.
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the
British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered
Americans to avoid this war
farewell
Whereas it appears that a state of
war exists between Austria,
Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain
and the United Netherlands, of
the one part and France on the
other; and the duty and
interest of the U.S. require, that they should
with sincerity and good faith adopt and
pursue a conduct friendly and impartial
toward the belligerent powers.
farewell
neutrality
I have therefore thought fit by these
presents to declare the disposition of the
U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid
towards those Powers respectfully; and
to exhort and warn the citizens of the
U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and
proceedings whatsoever, which may in
any manner tend to contravene such
disposition….April 1793
•President Washington’s response to the French was to
warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and
remain neutral or avoid.
•Why?
•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were
upset with Washington’s Neutrality.
•Washington’s Neutrality decision was
based on the long term U.S. self interest.
•Preserve and protect the infant nation
Thomas Paine On
Washington’s Neutrality
“And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for
so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger)
and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to
decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer;
whether you have abandoned good principles, or
whether you ever had any.”
Response to frenchrev
farewell
•Washington warned of the
dangers of political parties and
permanent alliances with other
nations.
•Washington’s warning against
“entangling alliances” became a
principle of U.S. foreign policy.
“Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have
none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant
situation invites and enables us to pursue a different
course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent
alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking
care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments
on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to
temporary alliances for extraordinary
emergencies”…..1796
 Washington is convinced that Americans
must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs
associated with all the British and foreign
continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN”
Washington displayed this in 1793 by the
Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell
Address in 1796.
No entangling alliances…….US should avoid
military alliances with Europe…….continue to
trade with Europe
Neutrality = Isolation
Washington's Farewell Address
In his 1797 Farewell Address, George Washington
warns of all the following except
A) partisan party politics
B) regional loyalties displacing loyalty to the
United States
C) building the national debt by unnecessary
borrowing by the government
D) the danger of religion having too great an effect
on public life
E) entangling foreign alliances
Answer:
D) the danger of religion having too great an effect on public life
Explanation: Originally intended to be given when Washington planned to retire in 1793 after
one term, his Farewell Address was eventually delivered in 1797 when he was succeeded by
John Adams. Washington gave a number of warnings, including the danger of ignoring the value
of religion and morality to the continued success of the Republic. In contrast to the view of
Thomas Jefferson, who valued secular education much more highly than religion, Washington
wrote "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar
structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in
exclusion of religious principle."