 Essential Question:
–What early precedents in
American government were
established in Washington’s first
2 terms as president?
 Warm-Up Question:
–RQ 8B (246-263)
–Take notes during the video on
George Washington (12.40)
The Young Republic,
1789-1800
George Washington &
America’s 1st Political Parties
Building the Machinery of Gov’t
 The
Constitution
created
One committee
proposed:
"HisaHighness
the President
of the United
States but
and
“general
framework”
of gov’t
Protector of the Rights
of the Same"
st
it was up to the 1 president & the
1st Congress to fill in the details:
–The “gov’t” in 1789 had no
federal court system, navy, or
tax collection system
The “government”
consisted
of nothing
–The
Senate spent
3 weeks
more
than
a
large
debt,
75
post
offices,
debating how the president
& an army of 700 soldiers
should be addressed
Building the Machinery of Gov’t
 With James Madison’s leadership,
the House of Representatives:
Consisted of a Supreme Court with
–raised
revenue
by passing
a
six justices,
a district
court in each
state, and
three&appeals
courts
protective
tariff
a tax on
liquor
–gave structure to the executive
branch by creating the State,
Treasury, Justice, & War Depts
–organized a federal court system
via the Judiciary Act of 1789
The Importance of James Madison
“Father of the Constitution;” drafted the Bill of
Rights; was the leader of Congress who helped
create the 1st federal taxes, depts & courts; &
will serve as the 4th president
Washington as President
 The unanimous choice for the
leader of the infant republic was
George Washington
 He established many
precedents to make
the presidency:
–Created the 1st
cabinet
–Delivering an inaugural address
–The title “Mr. President”
Washington as President
 Washington’s 1st term as president
was defined by domestic policy:
–He helped define a strong &
active presidency
–Appointed strong, able leaders
to cabinet posts
–Focused on the U.S. economy
–Traveled to every state to “show
the people” their national gov’t
Washington’sAlexander
Cabinet Hamilton,
Henry Knox,
Secretary of Treasury
Secretary of War
George Washington,
Washington
Hamilton
& acted
Jefferson
as president
proved toasbe
hehis
didmost
as a
President
military
capablegeneral:
cabinet members
he surrounded
but were
himself
alsowith
the
Edmund
Randolph,
Thomas
Jefferson,
most
capable
divisive
subordinates,
because they
listened
had
to
vastly
theirGeneral
different
advice,
Attorney
Secretary
of State
views
onthen
the made
role
ofthe
gov’t
finalfordecision
the new nation
Alexander Hamilton
 Hamilton believed a strong central
gov’t was best for America:
–He wanted the U.S. to grow as
an industrial power with less
dependency on Europe
–He wanted the U.S. economy to
mirror
the
English
economy
As
Sec of
Treasury,
Hamilton
shaped
economy
of the new would
nation
–Hethe
feared
democracy
lead to anarchy; power should
be in hands of wealthy citizens
Thomas Jefferson
 Jefferson believed that a limited
gov’t would preserve liberty:
–He saw the U.S. as an agrarian
nation with active foreign trade
to buy manufactured goods
–He trusted the common people
over the elitist aristocracy
–He favored close ties with
France, especially when the
French Revolution began
Hamilton’s
Economic Plan for
America
$54 millionEconomic
in
$25 million
Hamilton's
Plan in
national debt
state debts
 By 1789, one of America’s biggest
challenges was its huge debt
 Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit
(1790) proposed:
–“Funding” the national debt
–“Assumption" of state debts
–Creating a national bank
–Gov’t aid to manufacturing
And Funding
an excise tax
on
and
Assumption
distilled liquors (whiskey)
 Funding: Congress to redeem
Was initially defeated but salvaged
U.S.when
certificates
of was
debtproposed
at faceas
northern VA
for new
U.S. capital
value to cite
prove
to foreign
investors
In 1790, Washington signed into
that
the
U.S.
would
repay
its
debts
law Hamilton’s proposals on
 Assumption:
Federal
government
funding &
assumption
Foreign
investment
poured
into debts
the U.S.to
would purchase
states'
gain
a
better
interest
rate
&
create
Was unsuccessfully opposed
a “national”
problem were
rather than
because
most certificates
currently held
by speculators
individual
state
problems
The Bank Controversy
 Hamilton proposed the creation of
a National Bank that would be
privately owned, but federally
chartered to regulate finance
This type of interpretation of the
Constitution
Madison &is Jefferson
the
called “strictopposed
construction”
Bank of the U.S. (BUS) because:
–It appeared to favor the rich
–Its creation was not mentioned
in the Constitution
The Bank Controversy
 Hamilton defended creating a
BUS under Article 1, section 8:
–The Necessary & Proper Clause
gave Congress “implied powers”
to interpret the Constitution
–This “Elastic Clause” allowed
Hamilton to make a successful
“loose construction” argument
–Congress chartered the Bank
of the United States in 1791
Promoting Manufacturing
 Report on Manufacturing sought
to boost manufacturing & reduce
U.S. dependency on Europe
 Opposition to Hamilton’s plan:
–Madison feared strengthening
the federal gov’t would destroy
state sovereignty
–Jefferson feared that the rise of
cities would destroy agriculture
& agrarian civic virtue
 This plan was soundly defeated
 Essential Question:
–How did ideological differences
between Jefferson & Hamilton
contribute to the rise of
America’s first political parties?
 Constitutional Amendments &
Presidential Elections Quiz
Foreign Affairs
Foreign
Affairs
FranceThe
was Battle
engulfedover
in the
French Revolution;
The U.S. supported the revolution, but feared
 In the
1792
election,
Washington
its radical & bloody nature
was unanimously chosen again
U.S. neutrality seemed to be the best option
 Foreign policy became the focus
of Washington’s 2nd term:
–War between England & France
broke out in 1793 which divided
Americans over who to support
–England refused to obey the
Treaty of Paris (1783) & barred
the U.S. from West Indian trade
The French Revolution Led to War
Between England & France
Americans seemed to favor France due to
The
Peril
of
Neutrality
French assistance in the American Rev
 Hamilton & Jefferson wanted
neutrality but disagreed how:
–Jefferson: punish England (due
to impressment) by cutting off
trade & reward France
–Hamilton: England needed to be
appeased, not coerced
least until thesigned
Genet Affair:
French
At
Washington
Proclamation
diplomat
Edmond
Genet
challenged
of
Neutrality
(1793)
to
keep
American neutrality repeatedly in public
America out of foreign wars
English & French “impressment” of
American sailors
The treaty
avoided
war
with
England
but
did
Jay's
Treaty
with
England
not get the British to pay Southerners for lost

JohnorJay
demanded
from England
slaves
merchants
for impressed
ships
–The
British
soldiers
Jay was
hungremoval
in TheofHouse
challenged
the
from western
forts in
America
effigy throughout
Senate’s
Constitutional
America
authority
to ratifyships
the treaty
–payment for
impressed
–acceptance of U.S. neutrality
 Jay’s Treaty (1794)
–British vacated western forts
–U.S. gained trade in West Indies
–But, England did not recognize
neutrality or end impressment
Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
 Prior to 1795, Spain closed U.S.
access to the Mississippi River &
encouraged Indian attacks
 But, Spain interpreted Jay's
Treaty as Anglo-American alliance
against Spain & signed the Treaty
of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s
Treaty):
–Spain reopened the Mississippi
–Settled the disputed border
between Florida & U.S.
Treaty of Greenville with Indians
 To end Indian attacks against
white settlers in the West, the
U.S. fought an Ohio Indian
Settlers rushed
Georgia,
Kentucky,
alliance
led bytothe
Shawnee
at
Tennessee,
Ohio, &
western New
York
Battle
of Fallen
Timbers
(1794)
 Led to the Treaty of Greenville:
–Indians ceded lands in Ohio
–The U.S. promised “fair”
dealings with Indian nations
Conquest
of the West
(Notice the
British forts
in the West!)
America’s First
Political Parties
st
Represented
the
“Spirit
of
1776”
Also
called
Jeffersonian
Republicans
America’s
1
Political
Parties
& the
fight against
tyranny
or simply,
Republicans
 Disagreements over Hamilton’s
Represented
the &
“Spirit
of 1787” &
financial
plans
Anglo-French
the
fight
for
a
stronger
national
gov’t
st
Wars led to the 1 political parties:
–Democratic-Republicans:
led by Jefferson, favored states’
rights, “strict construction,” ties
to France, & liberty
–Federalists: led by Hamilton,
favored a strong national gov’t,
“loose construction”, ties to
England, & public order
America’s
st
1
Political Parties
 Political parties were seen as a
conspiracy against liberty
–Federalists & Dem-Republicans
thought it was their duty to
destroy the other party
–In the Washington & Adams
Commoners in the U.S. were highly literate
eras, the Federalists dominated
Newspapers transformed political culture
politics,
but
Jefferson’s
election
in the U.S.; they were widely read, highly
in
1800 killed
the partisan
Federalists
influential,
& totally
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton interpreted Jefferson saw it as an
 The
whiskey
led
yeomen
in
the
rebellion
as a tax
excuse by Federalists to
western Pennsylvania
to army
starttoa
Jefferson-inspired
raise an
conspiracy Rebellion
intimidate
Republicans
Whiskey
in 1794
–When the governor of PA
refused
to
act,
Federalists
saw
Rioted with the same fervor as
the
revolt
as the
a threat
those
against
Stamp to
Actsafety
–Washington himself led the U.S.
army to suppress the rebellion
–Both parties used the event to
attack each other
His mere
presenceRebellion,
(and the 15,000
Whiskey
1794
soldiers he brought with him) was
enough to end the Whiskey Rebellion
President Washington is one of two presidents
(Madison is the other) who participated in
combat while serving as president
Washington's
Farewell
Address
Washington never acknowledged the
in his cabinet,
he tended
sidethe
 faction
Washington
was not
limitedto by
with
the
Federalist
perspective
of
gov’t
Constitution to 2 terms, but in 1796
he announced his decision to retire
 Washington’s Farewell Address:
Washington’s
decision
to
retire
–Warned against political parties
established the precedent of
2 terms in
office for
presidents
–Warned
against
“entangling
alliances” with foreign nations
(led to the precedent of nonintervention in foreign affairs)
Discussion Question:
 George Washington is universally
agreed to be the most significant of
America’s Founding Fathers…
 But, who is the 2nd most important of
these early political leaders:
–James Madison?
–Alexander Hamilton?
–Thomas Jefferson?
–Someone else?
 Make an argument for each & then
rank order them with a clear
justification for your #1 choice
Hamilton/Jefferson Comparison
Hamilton
(Federalist)
What was his vision of the
role of government
(National or State?)
Payment of National &
State Debts
Tariff on Imported Goods
The U.S. Economy:
(Manufacturing or
Farming?)
Creating a National Bank
Interpretation of the
Constitution
Whiskey Tax and Whiskey
Rebellion
Support for the French
Revolution
Jefferson
(Democratic-Republican)
Hamilton/Jefferson Discussion
 Summarize the fundamental idea at
the heart of the Federalists/AntiFederalist disagreement. In what
ways is this similar to the idea at the
heart of the Hamilton/Jefferson
conflict? In what ways is it different?
 Who’s vision for America, Hamilton’s
or Jefferson’s, do you feel was most
appropriate for America in 1790?
Explain