SOL REVIEW—EMERGING ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS
Many 20th century American foreign policy issues have their origins in American foreign
policy at the end of the 19th century.
International Markets
With industrialization, America abandoned its
traditional isolationist role to expand its
influence in the world
and create
international
markets.
International Markets
The US’s growing role in international trade
showed American desire to build, innovate and
explore new markets. Growth in international
trade from the late 1800s to World War I was the
first era of a true “global economy.”
1. Why did the US change from isolation?
 Expand its __________________ in the world
 Create international ___________
2. What was the end result of international trade growth from the late 1800s to WWI?
 The first era of a true “_______________ economy”
Pacific Foreign Policy
In 1899, under McKinley as
President, Secretary of State John
Hay proposed a policy that would
give all nations equal trading
rights in China called the Open
Door Policy.
The US urged all foreigners in
China to obey Chinese law and
observe fair competition.
Pacific Foreign Policy
In addition to interest in China and the
Philippines, Hawaii was important.
The US overthrew the
Hawaiian monarchy
and annexed the
islands. They were a
source of sugar,
pineapple and an
important naval and shipping base in the
mid Pacific. It did not gain statehood until
1959 as the 50th state.
3. For China, what policy did the US suggest and what did that mean?
 The ___________ ___________ Policy where all nations would have _________ trading rights
 All ____________ would __________ Chinese law
4. What was the US interest in the Hawaiian Islands?
 They were a source of __________ and ____________ and an important _________ and
shipping ____________ (Pearl Harbor)
 The islands were first ____________ after the ___________ was overthrown, then = a _____
Latin America Foreign Policy
In 1898 the US entered
a war against Spain to
end “horrible miseries”
in Cuba caused by
their Spanish rulers
and protect Americans
living in Cuba.
Victory was quick and
it was nicknamed a
“splendid little war.”
Impact of Spanish American War
America expanded its influence in the world:
--Puerto Rico was annexed by the US
--The US asserted the right to intervene
in Cuban affairs
--The Philippines were controlled by the US
5. Why did the US enter a war with Spain in 1898 and where was most of the war fought?
 Because of “______________ _______________” in _____________ caused by their
______________ rulers
 To ________________ Americans living in Cuba
6. Why was this war called “a splendid little war”?
7. What was the result for the US of this war? The US _____________ its influence in the world
and
 _____________________ was annexed by the US
 The US won the right to _____________ in ___________ affairs
 The ___________________ were controlled by the US
Latin American Foreign Policy
Under Teddy Roosevelt’s
leadership, the US
encouraged Panama’s
independence from Colombia.
Latin America Foreign Policy
President Taft urged American banks and
businesses to invest in Latin America. He
promised that the US would step in if unrest
threatened their investments
A treaty was made to
construct the Panama
Canal– a major
transportation shortcut that
saved time and money and
enhanced military
readiness.
8. President _________ ________________ encouraged ______________ independence from
_____________ in order to build the ______________ __________ a huge __________ that saved
____________, _____________ and enhanced ________________ readiness.
9. President Taft wanted US __________ and ____________ to invest in Latin America and he would
step in if ____________ threatened the investments. This was called __________ ____________.
The US in WWI
World War I—US Involvement
World War I—US Involvement
The war began in Europe in
1914 when Germany and
Austria-Hungary went to war
with Britain, France and
Russia
?

For three years,
America remained
neutral and there was
strong feeling NOT to
get involved in a
European war.
US
NEUTRAL
1914-1917
10. Where did WWI begin and what was the US position in the beginning?
 Began in ______________ in _________ when ___________ and ____________-___________
went to war against _______________, ____________, and _____________
 The US remained ___________ for _____ years
World War I—US Involvement
The decision to enter the war was
due to continuing German
submarine warfare (freedom of the
seas) and American ties to Great
Britain.
World War I—US Involvement
Americans wanted to
“make the world
safe for democracy”
(Wilson)
April 2, 1917,
President
Wilson asked
Congress to
declare war.
America’s military
resources of soldiers and
war material led to
Germany’s defeat.
Armistice signed Nov. 11,
1918 at 11 a.m.
11. What caused the US to enter the war and which side did the US join?
 German _______________ warfare (____________ of the seas) caused the US to enter
 The US joined the side of __________ __________ because of ______ to them
12. On what date did the US enter and what idea did they fight for?
 Date =
 Americans wanted to “____________________________________”
13. What was the impact of America’s entry? US resources of ______________ and war
______________  ________________ defeat.
14. The cease-fire or ___________________ was signed on ___/____/______ at ____ am. Today
this is known as Veteran’s Day
WWI Treaty & Debate
President Wilson proposed a plan to eliminate
the causes of war, his “Fourteen Points.”
15. What was the name of Wilson’s plan
to eliminate the causes of war?
 The _______________ Points
16. Four key point of the 14 were what?




It was the League of Nations that was
the most important to Wilson.
Key points:
--Self-determination
--Freedom of the seas
--League of Nations
--Mandate System
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
WWI Treaty & Debate
Treaty of Versailles
--The French and English insisted on
the punishment of Germany.
--A League of Nations
was created.
--National boundaries
were redrawn and
many new countries
were created.
WWI Treaty & Debate
T
R
E
A
T
Y
In the Senate the debate over
ratification included objections to
US foreign policy decisions
made by an international
organization and not by US
leaders.
The Senate rejected the Treaty and the US
did not join the League of Nations.
The failure to conclude a lasting peace after
WWI left a bitter legacy.
17. What is the name of the treaty
that ended the First World War?
18. What was the goal of the French
and English in the treaty?
19. What part of Wilson’s 14 Points
did become a part of the treaty?
20. What changed on the map of
Europe as a result of the war?
 National boundaries were
_______________
 New _______________ were
created
21. What must the Senate do before
a treaty takes effect in the US?
 They must approve or
___________ it
22. What was the Senate objection
to the Treaty of Versailles?
 US ___________ policy
decisions being made by an
____________ organization
and not by ____ ___________
23. What resulted from the Senate
rejection of the treaty?
24. Was this to be a lasting peace?
U.S. IN WORLD AFFAIRS AND WWI
Cause and Effect
Industrialization and closing of frontierneed for international markets
Growth in trade”global economy”
Desire for canal linking Atlantic and Pacificencouraging Panamanian freedom from Colombia
Spanish-American War victoryU.S. “empire” of Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and right to
intervene in Cuba
American business interests in Hawaiioverthrow of queen who was against them
Failure to conclude a lasting peace concluding WWIa bitter legacy and eventually WWII
Objections to U.S. foreign policy decision made by international organizationfailure of U.S.
Senate to ratify Treaty of Versailles
Terms
Open Door Policy—all nations have equal trading rights in China, Sec’y State John Hay
Dollar Diplomacy—Taft, urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, said US.
Would step in if unrest threatened those investments
Spanish American War—over Cuban treatment, resulted in American possession of Philippines,
Guam, Puerto Rico; U.S. retained right to intervene in Cuban affairs
Panama Canal—linked Atlantic and Pacific oceans; benefit military and trade; T.R. administration
“Make the world safe for democracy”—Wilson’s justification for U.S. entry into WWI
Fourteen Points—Wilson’s plan to eliminate causes of war; self determination, freedom of the seas,
League of Nations, mandate system for former colonies
Treaty of Versailles—to settle WWI, U.S. refused to ratify
League of Nations—body of nations to eliminate war
Armistice—cease-fire
MATCHING
1. __acquisition of Hawaii
2. __Chinese Exclusion Act
3. __Spanish-American War
4. __William McKinley
5. __Open Door Policy
6.__Theodore Roosevelt
7. __Panama Canal
8. __”Big Stick” Policy
9.__Roosevelt Corollary
10. __Woodrow Wilson
11. __Fourteen Points
A. 1900, Sec. of State John Hay, protect equal trading
rights
B. 1898, 3-month war over Cuba, Philippines, P.R., US wins
C. T.R. approach, “speak softly and ….” take action
toward goals
D. Dem, Pres. during WWI, moral, idealistic president,
League of Nations advocate
E. Pres. in Sp./Am War in 1898, shot T.R. becomes
president
F. Early 1900s across isthmus of Central America, shortcut
G. 1901, T.R. says U.S. can serve as international police
power
H. 1882 law suspended immigration for 10 years
I. 1898 U.S. annexes this island group after queen’s
overthrow
J. Pres. 1900, Bull Moose Party Big Stick, Nobel Prize
K. Wilson’s plan for peace post WWI, idealistic