GROWING NATION
(1780 – 1830)
•POLITICAL GROWTH
•National Government Structure, National Issues,
Foreign Issues, Rising Nationalism v. Sectionalism
•PHYSICAL GROWTH
•Westward Expansion, Frontier Settlers, Treaties,
Territories & States, Immigration & Population Growth
•ECONOMIC GROWTH
•American System, Industrial Revolution,
Sectional Economies, Internal Improvements & Inventions
UNIT 4:
Expansion, Growth & Change
• Political and Physical Growth
– Jefferson / Madison / War of 1812 /
Monroe Doctrine / Missouri Compromise
• Economic Growth
– Madison / Clay / Industrial Revolution
• Political and Social Growth
– Age of Jackson
– Social Reform
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AMERICA
• Tariffs and the National Bank
– In 1816, Second Bank of the United States
chartered for 20 years
– James Monroe elected president (1816)
begins the:
ERA of GOOD FEELINGS
• Period of growing economic, social and political
stability and strength; increased national views on
issues and less regional conflicts.
Clay Proposes the American System
• House speaker Henry Clay proposes the
American Economic Plan (System) to
encourage a strong – expanding economy
– NORTH (New England And North East regions
encouraged to produce manufactured goods
– SOUTH & WEST encouraged to based their
economy on food, cotton Agriculture products
– National Currency, Transportation
increases trade
– ALL Regions sustain the others, making U.S.
economically independent
Henry Clay’s
American Economic System
• North East
– Manufacturing
Factories
FOOD
• Urban Cities
• North West
– Agriculture
• Food crops, livestock
COTTON
• South
– Agriculture
• COTTON KING
Henry Clay Proposes the
System
American
• Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests
– James Madison’s plan to unite the country’s regions,
create a strong, growing economy
• NEED 3 things for this to work
- Protective Tariffs (Tariff Act of 1816)
- Improved Transportation (national Rd
- National Banking System (1816 - 2nd)
Clay Proposes the American System
• Eric Canal and other Internal Improvements
– Railroads not yet common use, first steam engine built
in 1825
– Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for
themselves
– Federal Government funds highways to connect
different regions
– 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, Md.
To Vandalia, Illinois
– Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie; Atlantic to
Great Lakes
– Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals by 1837
• ATLANTA
– 1836 Georgia Assembly
• Trade route from coast to the midwest
• Western and Atlantic Railroad of the
State of Georgia
– Colonel Stephen Harriman Long (engineer)
• STAKE (Five Points)
• TERMINUS
• MARTHASVILLE
• ATLANTA
Clay Proposes the American System
Tariffs and the National Bank
• Madison proposes
tariff on imports
Tariff of 1816 –
– Increase the cost of foreign goods
– People more likely to buy american goods
– Helps pay for improvements
• Northeast welcomes Tariff, South & West resent
the higher prices
– Clay, Calhoun sway congress from South & west to
approve
– Most leaders agree National Bank, National Currency
benefits ALL
Balancing Nationalism and
Sectionalism, 1815-1840
Changes in manufacturing launch an
Industrial Revolution, Sectionalism
continues to grow with Slavery and other issues divide
the North and South, Andrew Jackson has
popular appeal but uproots many Native Americans.
Many Reform movements change the country.
Industrial Revolution Affects
America
• Great Britain Starts a Revolution
– In 18th century, British first generate power
from Streams, coal to produce Steam
– Develop power-driven machines for mass
production, build factories
• The Industrial Revolution
in America
st
1 Industrial Revolution
– After Independence, U.S. income
Water /primarily
Steam
from international trade (England)
Textile Mills
– Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo Act on 1807,
War of 1812 blockade shut-Thread
down trade
Machine
-Weaving
Machine
– Americans begin to invest in
American
Industries and New Businesses
-Cutting Machine
• Mass Production – production of goods
in large quantities (prices drop)
• Industrial Revolution – social, political,
economic reorganization (things change)
– Machines replace hands tools
– Large-scale factory production develops
– Results:
• Cities Grow
• Urban Lifestyles
• Social Mobility
• Urban Problems GROW
New England Industrialization
• Samuel Slater brings British Textile Mills
technology to the United States
– builds 1st Thread Factory in Powtucket, RI
(1793)
– Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages
of cloth making (1813)
– Build Weaving factories in Waltham, Mass.
And Lowell, Mass. (Waltham System)
– By late 1820’s, Lowell becomes a booming
manufacturing center Factory System
– Thousands, mostly young women, leave families
to work in Lowell.
Henry Clay’s
American Economic System
• North East
– Manufacturing
Factories
FOOD
• Urban Cities
• North West
– Agriculture
• Food crops, livestock
COTTON
• South
– Agriculture
• COTTON KING
Manufacturing Revolution
Changes America
Regional Economic Differences
Grow
– The North and South develop different
economic systems that lead to political
differences between the regions
• By 1801, Eli Whitney
pioneers use of interchangeable parts
– Parts that are identical pieces used to assemble
products
• First factory making Rifle parts
Two Economies Develop
• Cotton is King in the South
– Eli Whitney’s - Cotton Gin allows farmers to
grow cotton for profit
– Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing
demand in North
– Poor nonslaveholding farmers go west to
cultivate cotton
– Plantation system established in
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Two Economies Develop
• Slavery Becomes Entrenched
– Cotton hugely profitable;
by 1820’s demand for
cotton and slaves increases
• 6,000 % Increase
in the price of cotton
– Increase in cotton parallels
increase in slave population
Two Economies Develop
• Agriculture in the NORTHWEST
– Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil
and climate
– Farms in North are smaller than South
– Old Northwest: farmers raise 1 or 2 types of
crops Grain Crops corn, wheat & Livestock
• Sell farm products in city, buy other items
– Grains do not need much labor or yield great
profit – need NO SLAVES
– Northern Slavery dying out by late 1700’s
• Most northern states abolish slavery by 1804
GROWING NATION
(1780 – 1830)
•POLITICAL GROWTH
•National Government Structure, National Issues,
Foreign Issues, Rising Nationalism v. Sectionalism
•PHYSICAL GROWTH
•Westward Expansion, Frontier Settlers, Treaties,
Territories & States, Immigration & Population Growth
•ECONOMIC GROWTH
•American System, Industrial Revolution,
Sectional Economies, Internal Improvements & Inventions
UNIT 4:
Expansion, Growth & Change
• Political and Physical Growth
– Jefferson / Madison / War of 1812 /
Monroe Doctrine / Missouri Compromise
• Economic Growth
– Madison / Clay / Industrial Revolution
• Political and Social Growth
– Age of Jackson
– Social Reform
Henry Clay’s
American Economic System
• North East
– Manufacturing
• Urban Cities
Factories
FOOD
• North West
– Agriculture
• Food crops, livestock
• South
– Agriculture
COTTON
• COTTON KING
• We build massive
INFRASTRUCTURE
– Road, Bridges,
Highways, Canal,
Railroads, etc…
Nationalism at Center Stage
– Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the
courts, foreign affairs, and westward
expansion in the early 1800’s
Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• Strengthening Government
Economic Control
– Gibbons v. Ogden
• Federal government controls interstate commerce
– McCulloch v. Maryland
• State cannot overturn laws passed by Congress
Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• Limiting State Powers
– John Marshall court blocks state
interference in business, commerce
– Fletcher v. Peck
• Voids Georgia law violating right to make contract
– Dartmouth College v. Woodward
• State cannot interfere with contracts
Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Territories and Boundaries
• Nationalism: national interests come
before region, foreign concerns
• Sec. of State – John Quincy Adams guided
by Nationalism
– Makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes
borders, territories
• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onis
Treaty – defines LA Territory Border
– Gives up claim to Oregon Territory
Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Monroe Doctrine
• Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia
pushing influence further South along the
West Coast in North America with trading
posts in California
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe
NOT to interfere in Americas
– Western Hemisphere
– We will NOT interfere with Europe
Nationalism Pushes America West
Expansion to the West
• Most Settlers go west for land,
economic opportunity
• Possible to change job
– CHANGE YOUR DESTINY - FUTURE
“Crossing the Appalachians”
• 1780 - 2.7 mill (13)
1830 - 12 mill (24)
• Baby Boom (infant mortality rate high)
• Median Age (17) - Trans-Appalachia
young people looking for opportunity
– Daniel Boone (Wilderness Road)
Cumberland Gap (Tenn-Ky)
– Thomas Pinckney Treaty (Spain)
Lower Mississippi areas
– Louisiana Purchase Territories
• Lewis & Clark / Zebulon Pike
– Adams-Onis Treaty
• Slavery Issue
– decided in the
North West Territories
NorthWest Ordinance of 1787
(north of Ohio River)
– NOT decided in Louisiana
Purchase Territories
– 1819 Missouri applies as state
“slavery hotly debated”
Nationalism Pushes America West
The Missouri Compromise
• When territories population reaches
60,000 may apply for statehood
• Missouri Compromise preserves
balance between non-slave & slave states
– Maine admitted as Free State
– Missouri admitted as Slave State
– Divide Louisiana Territory at 36-30 line
• Slavery legal SOUTH
• Samuel Slater (Textiles)
– LOWELL, Mass.
– WALTHAM, Mass.
• Eli Whitney
– Interchangeable Parts
– Cotton Gin
• Charles Goodyear
– Vulcanized Rubber
• Elias Howe
– Sewing Machine
• I.M. Singer
– Foot Treadle (Sewing)
• Joseph Henry
• Samuel F.B. Morse
– Telegraph
• James Watts
– Steam Engine
Transportation Changes
• Robert Fulton
– Steam Boat
• Others changes
– Eric Canal
– National Road (Hwy)
• Cumberland Md.
• Rail Roads (Iron Horse)
Agricultural Inventions
• John Deere
– Steel Plow (Horse v. Ox)
• Cyrus McCormick
– Mechanized Reaper
Thomas Jefferson *R (1801-1809
)
Midnight Judges
Marbury v. Madison
Westward Expansion
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark
Embargo Act of 1807
James Madison *R ( 1809 - 1817 )
War of 1812
Causes / Events
Washington, D.C.
Battle of New Orleans (A. Jackson)
Treaty of Ghent
James Monroe * R ( 1817 - 1825 )
Adams-Onis Treaty
Nationalism – Sectionalism
Era of Good Feelings
American System
National Growth
Monroe Doctrine
Missouri Compromise
John Quincy Adams *R
1824 election issues
Andrew Jackson * Democrat
New Campaign Style
Jacksonian Democracy
Spoils System (Patronage)
Trail of Tears (Removal)
States Rights (Nullification)
Bank War
Martin van Buren
William Henry Harrison (Whig)
CHAPTER 8
– REFORM MOVEMENTS
• UNIT TEST
– NEXT FRIDAY
Henry Clay’s
American Economic System
• North East
– Manufacturing
• Urban Cities
Factories
FOOD
• North West
– Agriculture
• Food crops, livestock
• South
– Agriculture
COTTON
• COTTON KING
• We build massive
INFRASTRUCTURE
– Road, Bridges,
Highways, Canal,
Railroads, etc…
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AMERICA
• Samuel Slater (Textiles)
– LOWELL, Mass.
– WALTHAM, Mass.
• Eli Whitney
– Interchangeable Parts
– Cotton Gin
• Charles Goodyear
– Vulcanized Rubber
• Elias Howe
– Sewing Machine
• I.M. Singer
– Foot Treadle (Sewing)
• Joseph Henry
• Samuel F.B. Morse
– Telegraph
• James Watts
– Steam Engine
Transportation Changes
• Robert Fulton
– Steam Boat
• Other changes
– Eric Canal
– National Road (Hwy)
• Cumberland Md.
• Rail Roads (Iron Horse)
Agricultural Inventions
• John Deere
– Steel Plow (Horse v. Ox)
• Cyrus McCormick
– Mechanized Reaper