Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Which of the following groups of categories is
listed from broadest to most specific?
A family, order, class
B phylum, class, kingdom
C order, family, genus
D genus, family, species
2. Unicellular, prokaryotes would be classified
into the category…
A Fungi
B Monera
C Protista
D Plantae
Agenda
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Warm-up
Notes
Concept Map
Video-Outbreak
Clean-up
Cool-down
Monera
Guided Notes
MONERA
single celled prokaryotes
AKA “bacteria”
• Bacteria are prokaryotic-they do not
have a nucleus or organelles.
• Bacteria do have ribosomes, a cell
membrane, DNA, and most have a
cell wall.
3 PRIMARY
BACTERIA SHAPES
• ROD- bacilli
• SPHERE- cocci
• SPIRAL- spirilla
Rod Shaped Bacteria
Example: E. coli (group of bacteria)
• Causes urinary
infections, food
poisoning (lots more)
• Helps in digestion
• Can predict fecal
contamination
• Most studied of all
organisms in biology
(Why?)
Round Shaped Bacteria
• Produce nearly 1/3 of
all infections in
humans including:
strep throat,
pneumonia, food
poisoning, skin
diseases, toxic shock
syndrome, gonorrhea
and meningitis
• Also common in food
production
Spiral Shaped Bacteria
Examples: Borrelia burgdorferi
and Treponema pallidum
Causes syphilis
Causes Lyme
Disease
In your mouth
there are more
bacteria than all
of the people in
the world!!!!
Good Bacteria


99% of all bacteria is good
You have more bacteria in your body than
human cells
–
–
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
They aid in digestion
They produce vitamins
They destroy harmful organisms
A few bad bacteria get most of the press.
Many people don’t know that most bacteria is
beneficial.
Do not copy
E. Coli


Naturally found in
our bodies to aid in
digestion
Often used in
scientific DNA and
gene research
Do not copy
B. thuringiensis

Natural pest killer in
gardens and on
crops
Do not copy
P. putida

Cleans waste from
sewage water at
water treatment
plants
Do not copy
Streptomyces

Used to make
streptomycin, an
antibiotic used to
treat infections
Do not copy
L. acidophilus

Used to help turn
milk into yogurt
Sooooo…are bacteria
friend or foe???
BOTH!!!
FOES
• Food poisoning (Salmonella spp.)
– Rod Shaped
• Strep Throat (Streptococcus spp.)
– Cocci
• Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
– Rod Shaped
• Food poisoning, etc. (E. coli)
– Rod shaped
FRIENDS
• Add taste to foods (cheese,
sour-dough, yogurt)
• Help plants make proteins
(converts N2 to NH4)
• Help animals digest cellulose
Many types of
bacteria infections can
be treated with
antibiotics.
ANTIBIOTICS
any substance produced by
a microorganism which
harms or kills another
microorganism
However, antibiotics DO
NOT harm viruses
Antibiotics
Example: Penicillin
• Comes from mold (fungus)
• Stops the creation of a cell
wall during binary fission
• Many bacteria become
resistant to types of
antibiotics
• Follow doctor’s orders!!!
Cladograms
• The closer organisms
are on the tree, the
more closely they are
related and the more
recently they shared a
common ancestor.
• The closer they are to the beginning of the tree, the more
primitive (less complex) the organism.
• The more closely related 2 species are, the more similar
the amino acid sequences.
The Primary Shapes of Bacteria
• Complete the Shapes of Bacteria sheet by…
– answering the questions
– making 3D construction paper models of each
of the shapes of bacteria
Use page 443 in the Blue Holt textbook for
help!
Cool-Down
1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong
in?
2. Are bacteria prokaryotic or
eukaryotic?
3. Most bacteria causes infections and is
bad. True or False?
• 1. Uncooked meats (chicken, beef, etc),
eggs, food tainted by cross-contamination,
raw (unpasteurized) milk, contamination
from hands
• 2. Contamination from dirty hands (crosscontamination), milk, eggs, ice cream
(eggs), mayo
• Nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain,
watery diarrhea,
• 4. you need fluids! Prevent dehydration
Warm-up / EOC Prep
1. Round-shaped bacteria are called…
A circle bacteria
B spirillum
C coccus
D baccillus
2. Heterotrophs that have chitin in their cell
walls would be classified as…
A Protists
B Plants
C Animals
D Fungi
Agenda
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Warm-up
Notes
Virus/Bacteria Worksheet
Vocab Crossword Puzzle
Video
Clean-up
Cool down
Viruses
Guided Notes
VIRUS
non-cellular particle
made up of genetic
material and a protein
coat called a capsid that
can invade living cells
• Viruses are not living!
BACTERIOPHAGE
viruses that invade
bacteria
Bacteriophage
LIFE CYCLE OF A VIRUS
• Infection
–(attachment to cell and
injection of
genetic material)
• Growth
• Replication
• Lysis
2 TYPES OF INFECTION
1. LYTIC INFECTION
–Virus takes over cell and reproduces
itself (hijacker)
2. LYSOGENIC INFECTION
–Virus DNA inserts into cell DNA
and is copied as normal (sneak
attack)
LYSIS
Cell bursts open and the viruses
are released
Most types of viruses
can not be treated.
We treat the
symptoms instead and
wait for our immune
system to figure out
how to kill the virus.
How many of you have
had chicken pox?
How many of you have
had chicken pox more
than once???
2 Lines of Defense
Immune
System
First Line
Second Line
MACROPHAGE
White blood cell that is
long-lived and can destroy
multiple pathogens using
phagocytosis
ANTIGEN
Marker proteins
displayed on the surface
of a macrophage that
trigger the immune
response
RETROVIRUS
Viruses that have RNA as
the genetic material
VACCINE
antibodies from the virus
“bootcamp” for your
immune system
Antigens are also what
determines blood types
and therefore an antigen
that is different from your
body’s will trigger the
immune response
• There are 2 types of immune
system cells:
1. B cells
2. T cells
B CELLS
B cells make antibodies-the cells that
recognize and target diseased cells.
T Cells
T cells can be T helper cells or T killer
cells.
• T helper cells control and direct
immune response. T killer cells
recognize and kill infected cells
HIV
Definitions
• HIV: (the virus that causes AIDS)
Human
Immonodeficiency
Virus
Definitions
• AIDS: (the sickness)
Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome
Statistics
• About 1 million people in America are HIV
Positive (36.1 million worldwide)
• Each year there are 50,000 new infections, of
which there are 2,500 infants
• AIDS is the leading cause of death for men
between ages 25 and 44 and the 4th highest
for women of the same age group
WAYS PEOPLE ARE
INFECTED
• Having sex with an infected person.
• Sharing a needle with someone who's
infected (shooting drugs/tattoos)
• Being born when the mother is infected,
or drinking the breast milk of an infected
woman.
TRANSFER OF BODY FLUIDS!!!
• HIV is treated with anti-viral medicationsantibiotics do not treat viruses.
• HIV lowers the number of T cells in the
body, which makes it hard to fight
infections.
• HIV kills the immune system, so an
individual with HIV usually ends up
dying from a secondary infection such as
tuberculosis, not the virus.
Bacteria vs. Viruses
• Size
– The biggest virus is only as large as the smallest
bacteria.
• Structure
– Bacteria are complex compared to viruses.
• Reproduction
– Bacteria contain all the blueprints and tools to
reproduce themselves.
– Viruses can only exist as parasites.
• Antibiotic Effectiveness
– Bacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics, viruses
cannot.
Cool-Down
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Which kingdom do bacteria belong in?
Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Most bacteria causes infections and is
bad. True or False?
Bacterial infections are treated with…?
Which is more complex- bacteria or
viruses?
What is a virus that invades a bacteria?
Cool-Down
A man left home and turned left three
times before running into a man in a mask.
Who is the man in the mask? What is the
man who left home doing?
The man in the mask is the catcher. The
man who left home is playing baseball and
was trying to get a home run.