The RESPIRATORY System
Unit 3
Transportation Systems
Combining Forms
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Aer/o
Bronchi/o
Cyan/o
Laryng/o
Nas/o
Pharyng/o
Pleur/o
Pneum/o
Pneumon/o
Rhin/o
Thorac/o
Trache/o
air
bronchus
blue
larynx (voice box)
nose
pharynx (throat)
pleura
air / lung
air / lung
nose
thorax (chest)
trachea (windpipe)
Prefixes/ Suffixes
ADysHyp-al
-algia
-dynia
-ectasis
-ectomy
-ia
-itis
without, not
bad, painful,
difficult
under, below,
deficient
pertaining to
pain
pain
dilation, expansion
-osis
(usually with blood)
-oxia
-phagia
-plasty
-pnea
-rrhea
-scope
-spasm
oxygen
-stomy
forming an
opening or
mouth
surgical removal
condition
inflammation
abnormal cond.
swallowing, eating
surgical repair
breathing
discharge, flow
instrument to view
involuntary
contraction
Abbreviations/ Terms
• Dx
• COPD
diagnosis
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oxygen
O2
SIDS
TLC
TB
Stridor
• Epitaxis
• Rhonchi
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Total lung capacity
Tuberculosis
high pitch musical sound
(characteristic of croup)
nosebleed
snoring sounds
The Respiratory System
Functions of the
Respiratory System
• Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air.
– Nasal cavity warms, and moistens the air
as it enters the body.
• Resonating chambers for speech and
sound production.
– Larynx generates the sound, nose provides
the resonating chamber.
• Carbon dioxide/ oxygen gas exchange.
– Alveoli serve as the site for gas exchange.
Respiratory Pathway
• Air moves into the body by entering the:
– Nose or mouth
– Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
– (passing the) epiglottis
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Lungs
• Right and left main bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
Structures of the
Respiratory System
Nose/ Nasal Cavity
• Bony framework, cartilage, skin, hair, and
mucous membrane lining.
• Nostrils provide openings.(also known as
nares)
• Septum separates into right and left sides.
• Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air,
smells, and provides resonating chambers for
speech and sound production.
– Mucous moistens and warms the air. It also
makes particles in the air stick to the hairs (filters)
– Chemoreceptors send information to the brain to
create scents (sense of smell)
– The structure of the nasal cavity affects sound
production during speech
Nose/ Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
• Funnel-shaped tube located behind the mouth
and nasal cavity, above the larynx.
• Walls composed of skeletal muscle and lined
with mucous membranes.
• Three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx.
• Passageway for air and food.
• Resonating chamber for speech sounds and
assists in the formation of words.
Epiglottis
• Located below the pharynx, attached to
the entrance of the larynx.
• Large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that
covers the larynx during swallowing to
prevent food from entering the larynx
and trachea.
•Opens for the
passage of air.
Larynx (voice box)
• Located below the pharynx.
• Contains vocal cords.
• Short passageway connecting the
pharynx and the trachea.
• Made up of:
– Epiglottis
– Thyroid Cartilage
– Cricoid Cartilage
– Vocal Cords
• True (make the sound)
• False (protect true cords)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
• Passageway for air.
• Located anterior to the esophagus.
• Extends from the larynx to the center
of the chest where the bronchi branch
off.
• Supported by cartilage rings to
prevent collapse.
Bronchi
• Two large sets of branches that come off
the trachea and enter the lungs.
• The right primary bronchus is more
vertical, wider, and shorter than the left.
• Inhaled objects are more likely to lodge in
the right bronchus.
• Passageway for air.
Bronchioles
• Bronchi continue to divide to form
smaller tubes called bronchioles.
• Passageway for air.
Alveoli
• Located at the end of the bronchioles.
• Small air sacs which are one-cell thick
and surrounded by many blood
capillaries.
• Site of gas exchange between air and
blood.
• They are what makes
the lungs look and
act like a sponge
Lungs
• Primary organ of the respiratory system
• They fill the thoracic cavity (along with
the heart)
• Right lung
– Has three lobes
• Left lung
– Has two lobes, which allows room for the
heart
• Surrounded by a serous membrane
called the Pleura
– Has a visceral and a parietal layer
Lungs
Breathing Terms
• Ventilation is breathing in and out
– Inhalation breathing air in
– Exhalation breathing air out
• Respiration is the process of gas
exchange
– External
– Internal
takes place between alveoli
and capillaries in the lungs
takes place between the
capillaries and the body
tissues throughout the body
Lung Capacities
• TLC (total lung capacity) is everything
that can be held in your lungs
• TLC= residual vol.+ vital capacity
– Residual volume is the air that never
leaves your lungs while you are alive
– VC (vital capacity)= IRV+ERV+TV
• IRV (inspiratory reserve vol.) is the extra air you
can pull into your lungs with a deep breath
• EVR (expiratory reserve vol.) is the air you can
force out of your lungs with a forced exhale
• TV (tidal vol.) is the air you breath in and out
normally while sitting at rest
Lung Capacities
Diseases and Disorders
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Common Cold (Coryza)
Pneumonia
Lung Cancer
Asthma
Bronchitis
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Emphysema
Coryza (Common Cold)
• Caused by one of many viruses.
• Signs and symptoms include fatigue,
sneezing, coughing, congestion, body
aches and pains, and nasal secretions.
•Can be treated by
medication to
reduce discomfort
of signs and
symptoms.
Pneumonia
• Inflammatory illness of the lung.
– Lung inflammation and abnormal alveolar
filling.
• Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites, and chemical or physical injury
to the lungs.
• Symptoms include
cough, chest pain,
fever, and difficulty
breathing.
• Usually treated by
antibiotics.
Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
• Disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues
of the lung.
• Growth may lead to invasion of adjacent
tissues and infiltration beyond the lungs.
• Most common symptoms are shortness of
breath, coughing, and weight loss.
• Common cause is long term exposure to
tobacco smoke.
• Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy,
and radiation.
Asthma
•Reversible obstructive
airway disease.
•Characterized by periods
of coughing, difficulty
breathing, or wheezing.
•Caused by spasms of the
smooth muscle that line the
wall of the smaller bronchi
and bronchioles.
•Treated by antibiotics or the
use of an inhaler.
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the bronchi.
• Caused by genetics, air pollution,
carbon monoxide, respiratory infection,
and deficient antibody levels.
• Treated by antibiotics.
Tuberculosis
• Infectious, communicable disease that
destroys the lung tissue and pleura.
• Inhaled respiratory droplets spread disease.
• Treated by medications.
Influenza
• Contagious respiratory illness caused
by flu viruses.
• Usually comes on suddenly and may
include fever, headache, extreme
tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny
or stuffy nose, muscle aches, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Vaccines are available prior, once you
have it all that can be
done is to treat the
symptoms until your
body fights off the virus
Emphysema
• Alveoli become stretched out and cannot
push carbon dioxide and other pollutants out
of the lungs.
• Caused by smoking, frequent untreated
respiratory infections, asthma, and
abnormal stress on the lungs.
• Symptoms are anxiety, shortness of breath,
difficulty breathing, cough, cyanosis,
unequal chest expansion, elevated body
temperature.
• Treatment options are medications, oxygen,
and the possibility of a lung transplant.
Emphysema