LOGOS (LOGICAL)--
ETHOS (ETHICAL)--
PATHOS (EMOTIONAL) —
Aphorisms —general truths (not appeals, but they usually appeal to audiences)

You probably already know…
• SIMILES AND METAPHORS
• PERSONIFICATION, ALLITERATION,
AND ONOMATOPOEIA
• HYPERBOLE
• APHORISM
• RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
• PARADOX
• UNDERSTATEMENT

Words that you may not know…
• Metonymy—
• Synecdoche—
• Bombast—
• Malapropism—
• Pun—

Author’s attitude or sentiments revealed by the writer’s style.
A writer’s tone ISN’T informative! Try to decide if it’s positive or negative….
THEN, choose a more precise word
Ex. Didactic, compassionate, sardonic, pedantic, etc.
**Look for tone shifts in passages!

“WORD CHOICE”
Don’t say, “The writer uses diction…”
Duh! Let’s say, “The diction in…proves…” or jump right to a rhetorical device.
“The juxtaposition of ____ proves____”
Identifying diction:
Formal? Informal? Slang? Colloquial? Jargon?
Precise? Metaphorical?
Think —how do you define the words?

“Sentence Structure”
Types, purposes, lengths,
Structure —normal word order? Inverted?
Punctuation —use of commas, exclamation marks, questions, semi-colons —for what effect?
Parts of Speech —notice a lot of adj? nouns?
Verbs? WHY? To what effect?

“to + verb”
To persuade…
To entertain…
To show…
To explain…
Be sure you can add to these infinitives!

a.k.a. Transformers and Diseases
• Polysyndeton--
• Asyndeton—
• Anaphora—
• Anadiplosis—
• Epanalepsis—
• Epistrophe—

• Parallelism--
• Antithesis—
• Juxtaposition—contrasting ideas, images
• Chiasmus—Inversion of parallel ideas within a sentence.
Ex. “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” JFK
• Zeugma—a controlling idea to describe 2 ideas but only applies to 1 logically
Ex. He carried the light for men and the responsibility of a nation.
Ex. “You held your breath and the door for me.”
(Thanks Alannis!)

"A eugooglizer. One who speaks at funerals. Or did you think I'd be to stupid to know what a eugoogly was?"
-Zoolander
• Pun
• Litote
• Sarcasm
• Malapropism
• Irony
• Satire
• Wit

• Burlesque
• Hyperbole
• Mockery
• Parody
• Tautology
• Lampoon

Just the top 12…
• Ad hominem—
• Misleading Statistics—
• Ad populum—
• Red Herring-
• Ad Verecundiam—
• Begging the Question—
• Post Hoc

• Scare Tactics
• Either/Or Fallacy
• Oversimplification
• Hasty Generalization
• Non Sequitur