Organic Chemistry
Long-Chained Carbon Molecules
and
Basic Functional Groups
Standards
10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic
molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemical basis
of life. As a basis for understanding this concept:
10. b. Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large
variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological
molecules.
10. d.* Students know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers
that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple
molecules that contain a benzene ring.
10. e.* Students know how to identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols,
ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids.
10. f.* Students know the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form
the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins.
Lewis Dot Shorthand
• Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom.
Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
• Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown
they are implied.
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Lewis Dot Shorthand
• Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom.
Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
• Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown
they are implied.
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
O
H
OH
Lewis Dot Shorthand
• Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom.
Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
• Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown
they are implied.
H
H
H
C
H
C
Cl
C
Cl
H
Lewis Dot Shorthand
• Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom.
Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
• Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown
they are implied.
H H
H
H
C
H
C
H
C
C
H H
H
C
H
C
H
H
Lewis Dot Shorthand
• Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom.
Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
• Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown
they are implied.
H
H
C
H
C
C
C
H
C
H
C
H
Organic Chemistry Prefixes
How many Carbons does it have in a row?
(the longest continual chain)
# of Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
Prefix
methethpropbutpent-
# of Carbons Prefix
6
hex7
hept8
oct9
non10
dec-
Alkanes
All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds
End with “-ane” suffix.
H
H
C
1
H
H
methane
Alkanes
All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds
End with “-ane” suffix.
H
H
1
H
C
C
H
2
H
3
C
H
H
1
3
propane
H
propane
2
Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons Name
1
methyl
2
ethyl
3
propyl
4
butyl
5
pentyl
1
2
3
5
4
3-methyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons Name
1
methyl
2
ethyl
3
propyl
4
butyl
5
pentyl
1
2
3
5
4
3-ethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons Name
1
methyl
2
ethyl
3
propyl
4
butyl
5
pentyl
1
2
3
5
4
2-methyl 3-ethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons Name
1
methyl
2
ethyl
3
propyl
4
butyl
5
pentyl
1
2
3
5
4
2, 3-dimethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons Name
1
methyl
2
ethyl
3
propyl
4
butyl
5
pentyl
1
2
3
5
4
2, 3, 4-trimethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Practice
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning
is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens.
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
5-propyl decane
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Practice
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning
is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens.
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
5-propyl decane
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Practice
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning
is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens.
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
5-propyl decane
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Practice
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning
is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens.
H
H10C
H
H
H
9C 8 C
H
H
H
Off #5 Carbon
H
7C 6 C 5 C
H
H
4C
H
3C
H
10 carbons
on main chain
= decane
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
2C
H
1C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
3 carbons
on branch
= propyl
5-propyl decane
Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
H
1
C
H
ethene
2
C
H
H
2
1
ethene
Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
H
H
H
1
C
C
2
H
3
C
H
H
2-butene
4
C
H
2
H
1
3
4
2-butene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
H
H
1
C
H
C
2
H
3
C
H
1-butene
H
4
C
H
2
H
1
3
4
1-butene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
1
2
5
3
4
6
2, 4-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
1
3
2
5
4
6
1, 3-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkenes with Alkyl Groups
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon double bonds.
End with “-ene” suffix.
1
3
2
5
4
6
2-methyl 1, 3-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkynes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon triple bonds.
End with “-yne” suffix.
H
1
C
2
C
ethyne
H
1
2
ethyne
Alkynes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon triple bonds.
End with “-yne” suffix.
H
H
1
C
2
C
C
3
propyne H
1
2
H
propyne
3
Alkynes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and
some carbon-carbon triple bonds.
End with “-yne” suffix.
5
3
2
4
1
1 - pentyne
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alkynes with Alkyl Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off
of the main carbon chain.
5
3
2
4
1
3-methyl 1-pentyne
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alcohols
Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH
functional group hanging somewhere.
End with “-anol” suffix.
H
H
H
1
O
C
C
H
2
H
3
C
HO
H
2
1
3
1-propanol
H
H
1-propanol
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Alcohols
Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH
functional group hanging somewhere.
H End with “-anol” suffix.
O
H
1
H
C
C
H
2
H
3
C
H
H
2-propanol
HO
H
2
1
3
2-propanol
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Ketones
They have an =O functional group hanging
somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain.
End with “-anone” suffix.
O
H
1
H
C
H
O
C
H
2
3
C
acetone
H
1
H
2
3
acetone
Ketones
They have an =O functional group hanging
somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain.
End with “-anone” suffix.
O
1
2
3
4
5
3-pentanone
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Ketones
They have an =O functional group hanging
somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain.
End with “-anone” suffix.
1
3
2
4
5
O
2-pentanone
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest
number) that has the feature (aka functional group).
Aldehydes
They have an =O functional group hanging at the
end of the carbon chain.
End with “-anal” suffix.
H
1
C
H
H
H
2
C
O
O
C
H
propanal
1
2
3
H
3
propanal
H
R- Groups
R- Groups are a generic way of saying that there
is some kind of larger carbon chain attached
(even though we won’t specify what it is).
O
O
O
C
C
C
H
R
aldehyde
R
OH
R’ R
carboxalic
ketone
acid
H
He
Li Be B
C
N
O
F
Na Mg Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
K
Ca
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
H
He
Li Be B
C
N
O
F
Na Mg Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
K
Ca
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
4 e– in valence shell
Organic Chemistry Prefixes
How many Carbons does it have in a row?
(the longest continual chain)
# of Carbons Prefix # of Carbons Prefix
1
meth6
hex2
eth7
hept3
prop8
oct4
but9
non5
pent10
dec-
Finish
•
•
•
•
•
How many Cs and Hs in benzene, show abbreviated hexagon. (only for alkanes?)
Number of carbon prefixes: 1-10 (done)
Meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec- (done)
Alkanes, alkene, alkynes, alcohols, ethers?, ketones, aldehydes, amino acids
(nope?)
What do R groups stand for
H H
H
H
C
H
C
H
C
C
H H
H
C
H
C
H
H