Motivation at Work
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Scientific Management
Bureaucratic Management
Human Relations Era
Need Theories
Goal Orientation
Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Job Enrichment
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Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor)
◦ Objective is to improve the productivity of the
individual worker
 Develop a science for each aspect of individual’s job
◦ Find the one best way to perform a task
 Time & motion studies
 “Science of shoveling”
◦ Motivate employees through $$
 Standard amount of production is set
 Going above the standard earns you more money
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Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)
◦ In an industrialized economy, how can we manage
organizational growth & size?
◦ How can we make sure the overall system is
supporting the organization's goals?
 Reduce opportunities for individuals to take advantage
of organization
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Human Relations & Behavioral Era
◦ Hawthorne Studies
 Human behavior is not necessarily “rational”
 Employee needs & attitudes influence behavior
 Soliciting employee opinions contributes to feeling of
importance and can lead one to work harder
◦ Maslow, Herzberg, Hackman & Oldham
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What is the secret of The Container Store’s
success?
What does The Container Store do that sets it
apart from other companies?
What evidence is provided by The Container
Store’s success that organizational behavior
is an important element in employee
productivity and organizational profitability?
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What is it?
Why is it important?
Can you influence the level of work
motivation in your employees?
◦ How?
◦ What approaches can be considered?
Motivation – the process of arousing and
sustaining goal-directed behavior
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The Person
◦ Human Needs
◦ Theory X and Y
◦ Liking of the task
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The Environment
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Enriched Job Tasks
Goal setting interventions
Leader behavior
Group Norms and Organizational Culture
SA
Esteem
Love (Social)
Safety and Security
Physiological
Need for Achievement –need for
excellence, competition,
challenging goals, persistence,
and overcoming difficulties
Need for Power – need to
influence others, change people
or events, and make a difference
in life
Need for Affiliation - need
for warm, close, intimate
relationships with others
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What employee needs is SAS Institute meeting
with their policies and practices?
Why does meeting these needs foster
employee motivation?
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Complete the motivation
style self assessment – 10
minutes
Provide responses that are
as honest as possible
about how you approach
job tasks
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Refers to the goals held by a trainee in a
learning situation individuals in their work
situation
◦ learning orientation – relates to trying to increase
ability or competence in a task
◦ performance orientation – refers to a focus of
learners on task performance and how they
compare to others
◦ Avoid goals
◦ Prove goals
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Learning Goal orientation is associated with
the highest performance
Motivation–Hygiene
Theory of Motivation
• Company policy and
administration
• Supervision
• Interpersonal relations
• Working conditions
• Salary
• Status
• Security
Hygiene factors avoid
job dissatisfaction
Motivation factors
increase job satisfaction
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Achievement
Achievement recognition
Work itself
Responsibility
Advancement
Growth
• Salary?
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KITA versus “true” motivation
◦ Short-term movement versus long-term
motivation
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Job enrichment is an attempt to instill
an internal generator in the employee
Studies of Herzberg’s theory have included
employees working in a variety of industries
and jobs
◦ Accountants, engineers, nurses, military officers,
and others
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Motivators
◦ Tap needs for psychological growth
◦ Job content: The work itself
◦ Lead to high levels of employee motivation and
satisfaction
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Examples
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Recognition
Responsibility
Achievement
Growth and learning
Job Enrichment – designing or
redesigning jobs by incorporating
motivational factors into them
Job
Enrichment
Emphasis on
• Recognition
• Responsibility
• Advancement
opportunity
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Removing some controls & retain
accountability
◦ Reduce the percentage of proofreading
 Taps responsibility & achievement
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Increasing employee accountability
◦ Subordinates sign their own work
 Taps responsibility & recognition
 Psychological ownership
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Enabling one to become a topic expert
 Taps achievement, responsibility, growth
 Competence
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Make organizational reports available to all
◦ Revenue, expenses, projections, trends, customer
satisfaction reports
 Taps responsibility, recognition, growth
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Employees are internally motivated (internal
generator) versus externally moved
◦ Enriching jobs (Motivators) can be significantly
less expensive in comparison to hygiene
◦ Supervisors can focus more on the future
(planning) as opposed to the past (checking work)
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Expect initial drop in quantity of work,
followed by increase in quantity and quality.
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Why is Starbuck’s such a successful company?
What does Starbuck’s do that is motivating to
employees?
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What do Starbucks, SAS Institute and the
Container Store have in common?
Using the following motivation theories,
analyze what makes these three companies
successful:
◦ Need Theory
◦ Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory