TEST FIVE NOTES
Mon 9/23/13
World History Standard 7
The student will analyze
European medieval society
with regard to culture,
politics, society, and
economics.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 What
began the tie between the
Church and the Franks?
 Catholic
early 700’s AD Charles Martel
ruler Frankish empire. 732
Muslims invaded
Spain
Charles Martel cavalry
Tours in central France.
drove Muslims southward
toward Spain. Franks won
but realized danger of another
Muslim attack.
Charles Martel died in 741,
son Pepin III (Pepin the Short)
kingdom.
Pepin III king of all of France
Pope of the Catholic church to
crown him.
In 754, Pope Stephen III
crowned Pepin III “King by the
grace of God”.
precedent. future Popes
decided power to name and
overthrow kings.
soon after Pepin led
his army Italy
Germanic tribe Lombard’s.
threatening city Rome
Pope was worried they would
overthrow Rome.
defeated Lombard’s
gave the pope the land the
Lombard’s had claimed.
Donation of Pepin
created the Papal States or
the Vatican.
Charlemagne was the son of
Pepin III. Charlemagne was
king of the Franks from 768 –
814 and he is considered one of
the greatest rulers in history.
Charlemagne spent much of his
life at war. He defeated the
Lombard’s again in Italy and the
Saxons in northern Germany.
Avars, nomadic people - Huns,
drove the Muslims back into
Spain - small strip of Spain for
the Franks.
never conquer all of Muslim
Spain.
Christmas 800 AD
Charlemagne knelt in worship
St Peter’s Church - Rome.
pope Leo III - placed a crown on
Charlemagne’s head and
declared him the Emperor of the
Romans.
had nothing to do
Frankish/Roman Empires,
Charlemagne was regarded as
highly as the emperors of Rome
emphasized the tie between
the Franks and the Catholic
Church.
Charlemagne’s empire divided
into several regions
region was ruled by a count.
Each count formed armies and
governed their land.
 feudalism
Charlemagne’s capital was at
Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen,
Germany) but he traveled
throughout his kingdom.
Charlemagne died his empire
divided into three parts
ruled by 3 of his grandsons,
never learned to work together
Frankish Empire was invaded
by several groups.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
9/24 Tue
 How
did Charlemagne impact
Europe?
A. Explain the manorial system
and feudalism; include the
status of peasants and feudal
monarchies and the importance
of Charlemagne.
C. Explain the role of the church
in medieval society.
Holy Roman Empire
324 - Constantine creates
capital in Byzantium (Anatolia)
Constantine / Maximian
Constantinople
.
799 – attempt on Pope’s life
Leo III - meets w/ Charlemagne
800 – son heir, proclaims
Charlemagne Emperor
Emperor Holy Roman Empire
protection of Pope
Charlemagne – basically
creates French and German
monarchies. Father of Europe
Constantinople v Rome
2 rulers & two churches
Pope & Patriarch
Roman Catholic
Greek Orthodox
Latin Speaking West
Greek Speaking East
Medieval Germany – Otto I
(Otto the Great) 936 AD
close alliance w/ church
Pope John XII
962 controlled Italy and given
title of emperor by Pope
German-Italian empire 1st called
Roman Empire of
the German Nation
Holy Roman Empire – strongest
state in Europe until 1100’s
most feared of these invaders
Scandinavia.
Called themselves Vikings.
English - Danes, and other
groups called them Northmen or
the Norse.
800’s - Vikings invaded the
Frankish Empire and other parts
of Europe. A large group
settled in northern France
name Normandy. The French
word for Northmen was
Normans.
political system - continent of
Europe called Feudalism.
began when local lords had to
govern their own lands since
there was no central
government.
wanting protection from possible
invasions, would give their land
to larger landowners. In return
they were granted the use of the
land, but had to provide troops
for the larger landowner.
The person who granted the
land was the Lord and the one
who held land in return for
services was a Vassal.
Wed 9/25
EQ - How did Feudalism
change the European
way-of-life?
The vassal had more
obligations. provide a certain
number of fully equipped
cavalrymen and foot soldiers
and agreed to pay their
expenses. Military service was
usually limited to 40 days per
year.
Another obligation of a vassal
consisted of feudal aids –
special payments to help cover
extraordinary expenses of the
lord. - ransom if the lord were
captured in war.
also expected to house and
feed the lord and his
companions for a certain
number of days a year,
to attend ceremonies such as a
wedding of a lords daughter,
and to serve on the lords court
as a minister of justice.
The grant of land was called a
fief. The Latin word for fief is
Feudum, from which comes the
word feudal. In time the fief
became hereditary.
In order to understand the
relationship between Lord and
Vassal you need to remember
three things:
1. It was an honorable
relationship between legal
equals. Only nobles could be
vassals. In theory even the
Lords were vassals to the King.
2. The same man might be
both Vassal and Lord. Vassal
to a more powerful Lord above
him, and Lord to a less powerful
vassal below him.
3. It was a very personal
relationship. Each mans
loyalties were owed only to the
Lord directly above him, or the
vassal directly below him.
Feudal justice was quite
different from the Roman ideas
of justice. Decisions at trials
were made in one of three
ways:
1. Trial by battle. The accused
and the accuser, or men
representing them, fought a
duel. The outcome determined
guilt or innocence.
2. Compurgation - , or oath taking.
The accused and the accuser each
gathered a group of people who
swore that their man was telling the
truth. Compurgators (the oath
takers) were similar to the
character witnesses of today’s
trials. Then the judges decided.
3. Ordeal – the accused carried a
piece of hot iron in his hand, or
walked through fire, or plunged his
arm in a pot of boiling water to pick
up a hot stone. If his wounds
healed quickly he was judged
innocent, if not he was guilty.
Fri – 9/27
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 What
was life like in the Middle
Ages?
Christian missionaries first arrived
in Ireland in the 400’s. St Patrick
was the best known. He began his
work there in 432.
600 AD missionaries were sent
to England by Pope Gregory I.
Eventually all of England
accepted Christianity. The first
missionary to England was
Augustine.
The economic basis of early
medieval life was a large estate
that included a village. This
was called a manor. Most
manors produced their own
food, clothing, and leather
goods. Very few items were
imported in (iron, tar, etc.)
Each manor was run by a lord.
And he had peasants to work
the fields. The peasants paid
for the use of the land by giving
the lord part of their crops and
by working his land too.
They also performed other
services on the manor and paid
taxes. A typical manor village
had houses along a single
street. The manor house or
castle stood a distance away.
The village was usually located
on a stream that furnished water
power for its mill. The land from
the manor extended out from
the village. This land included
vegetable plots, cultivated
fields, pastures and forests.
The cultivated land of the manor
was divided into three large
fields for growing grain. Only 2
of the fields were planted each
year to give one time to become
fertile again. (lie fallow)
Middle Ages think of
luxurious castles and knights in
shining armor.
Daily life peasant hard
long hours spent in the fields.
Food – poor
coarse black bread, cabbage, a
few vegetables, cheese, and
eggs. Meat was rarely eaten.
The average life expectancy
was around 40 years.
nobility was not really luxurious
A castle fortified home - lord
base for protecting the
surrounding countryside.
picture a castle as a large stone
structure, but this type of castle
was not built until the later
Middle Ages.
Most early castles were made of
earth and wood. They were
built for defense, not for
comfort. They were located on
hills or in other places that
made them hard to attack.
What was life like in the Middle
Ages?
If the castle had to be built on
flat countryside a moat
surrounded the outer walls. The
gate to the courtyard inside the
walls was reached by a
drawbridge across the moat.
The main part of the castle was
called the keep, a strong tower
that contained storeroom,
barracks, and workshops, a well
as the lords living quarters. In
the great hall the lord received
visitors.
where the family lived during the
day. The lord and his family
usually had their own bedroom, but
everyone else in the castle slept in
the great hall with little privacy.
There was not much furniture, the
thick walls made the rooms dark,
damp and chilly.
Chickens, dogs and other small
animals ran everywhere. The
floors were covered with straw
that usually was filthy. Most of
the lords day was spent looking
after his estate.
1100’s feudal society changed
development of chivalry
a code for knights.
French word cheval - horse
usually mounted on horseback
early days - becoming a knight
simple. noble, proving himself
in battle, knighted, other knight.
process became more complex.
2 preliminary stages of training
supervised - knight.
7 a boy (noble) page, learning
knightly manners and beginning
training use of weapons.
early teens - squire, a knight’s
assistant.
both manners and weapons
knight’s horses, armor,
weapons, and clothing.
he accompanied the knight in
battle to prove himself
initiated into knighthood in an
elaborate religious ceremony
lasted days
Chivalry required - be brave,
even foolishly brave. He had to
fight fairly - rules. Tricks and
strategy - cowardly.
loyal to his friends, keep his
word, and treat conquered foes
gallantly.
courteous to women.
his own class.
behavior was often coarse and
arrogant.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 How
did the hierarchy of the Church
affect political and economic issues
in the Middle Ages?
THE CHURCH

clergy – place in hierarchy organized in ranks according to their
powers and responsibilities. The
levels of the hierarchy (starting at
the bottom) were:
1. the parish priest –
peasant origin, little
education. hardest working
and poorest clergy
members.
hardly distinguished from the
peasants
But in a sense- most important
conducted church services
parish (church).
worked with/ counsel them.
2. the bishop –
diocese - parishes.
administered the sacraments
appointed and removed local
parish priests and managed
church property in the diocese.
choice of the bishop was
usually controlled by the king or
a great noble.
Emperor Holy Roman Empire
frequently chosen for their
family connections.
Younger son
political move
Lay investiture - appointed
part of secular government
appointed by Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire
In 1075 Pope Gregory VII
banned lay investiture
infuriated Emperor Henry IV
w/ support of German bishops
demanded Gregory VII resign
Gregory VII excommunicated
Henry IV German bishops
changed sides
Jan. 1077 – Henry crossed Alps
and went to Canossa – castle to
see Pope.
humble / beg for forgiveness –
3 days
ended his excommunication
3. the archbishop –
diocese himself and all of the
powers of a bishop, plus he had
some authority over the other
dioceses and bishops in his
province.
He could bring other bishops
together to decide questions of
church belief and policy.
4. Cardinals - appointed by the
Pope most important members
are the Curia. advise the Pope
on legal and spiritual matters.
Cardinals also are responsible
for electing a new Pope.
5. The retired Pope #266
Benedict XVI – April 19, 2005
Pope #267 Pope Francis
3/13/2013
Pope - comes from the Latin
word papa meaning father.
ultimate leader of the church
his decisions can’t be
challenged
Vatican City -1929
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 How
did the Crusades affect both
Europe and the Muslim world?
For centuries, Christian pilgrims
& European traders – no
problems.
During the 1,000’s - Seljuk
Turks. war-like people
adopted the Muslim faith
not tolerant
control of Palestine
attacked Asia Minor
threatened - city of Constantinople
Byzantine emperor appealed
Pope
asked - soldiers to defend his
city and regain the territories he
had lost to the Seljuk Turks.
Turks - less tolerant of other
religions than the Arabs had
been. Christian pilgrims were
being persecuted and trade
routes were shut-off.
emperors plea for help noticed
Pope Urban II
regain the Holy Land from the
Muslims.
1095 he called a great meeting
of the Church leaders and
French nobles at Clermont,
France.
 Franks
urged the feudal nobles to stop
warring with each other
and defeat the Muslims.
His battle cry was “God Wills It”
sewed a cross of cloth on
their garments
were called crusaders,
from the Latin word cruciata
meaning “marked with a cross”.
People joined the Crusades for
different reasons. The pope
promised both heavenly and
earthly rewards.
 Heavenly
 Earthly
– spiritual
- secular
1. All the sins of a crusader
were forgiven. 2. If he died on
the Crusades he went straight
to heaven.
3. While away at war, his
property and family were
guaranteed protection by the
church. 4. A debtor who joined
the crusades had his debts
cancelled.
5. A criminals freed 6. Knights
were inspired with the lure of
land and the riches that could
be found in Asia. 7. Merchants
saw a chance to make money.
8. Younger sons of nobles saw
a way to gain land and a
title. 9. Priests and bishops
saw a chance to convert
non-believers.
10. Some church leaders saw it
as a chance to rise in rank and
status.
EQ: HOW DID THE
CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH
EUROPE AND ASIA?
The Crusades
were
based on religious
beliefs, but they were also
appealing to those with a
love of adventure and a
wish to prosper.
1st CRUSADE
 The
first crusade lasted 10961099. led by French and
Norman nobles. In 3 organized
armies they moved across
Europe to Constantinople.
Byzantine emperor was nervous
 unprepared
garments of wool and leather
and their heavy armor, the
crusaders suffered severely
from the heat. Because of a
shortage of pack animals,
supplies of food and water were
inadequate.
leaders quarreled over lands
they captured. If Turks had
been united the crusade would
have failed. crusaders captured
Antioch and marched toward
Jerusalem. Conditions
improved as the crusaders
marched down the seacoast
toward Palestine.
Fleets of ships from the Italian
cities of Genoa and Pisa
brought them reinforcements
and supplies. The crusaders
captured Jerusalem after a
short battle and slaughtered the
Muslim inhabitants in a terrible
massacre.
In the Middle East the crusaders
set up four small states :1. the
county of Edessa 2. the
Principality of Antioch. 3. the
county of Tripoli 4. the
kingdom of Jerusalem
Second Crusade
began
in 1147 after the Turks
recaptured the city of Edessa
and threatened the Kingdom
of Jerusalem. In this crusade
King Louis VII of France and
the Holy Roman Emperor
Conrad III led armies to the
Holy Land.
It was a failure. The armies of the
two monarchs met many
misfortunes on the march to the
Holy Land. They fought separately
and did not join forces until they
reached Damascus, which was
held by the Turks. The two armies
failed to capture the city, and
returned home after just 2 years.
THIRD CRUSADE
in
1187 the news reached
Europe that Jerusalem had
been recaptured by the
Muslim leader Saladin.
Europe’s response was the
3rd Crusade. From 1189 –
1192, it was called the
Crusade of the Three Kings.
King Richard the Lion-Hearted
of England, King Phillip
Augustus of France, and
Emperor Frederick Barborossa
of the Holy Roman Empire each
started out at the head of a
great army to regain the Holy
Land. Again there was failure.
Barbarossa drowned on the way
and most of his army turned
back. Phillip and Richard
quarreled and Phillip took his
army home and seized English
lands in France.
Several times Richard might
have gained the entire Kingdom
of Jerusalem by diplomacy, but
he preferred military adventure.
This crusade accomplished little
but an estimated 300,000
Christians and Muslims died in
this war.
EQ: HOW DID THE
CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH
EUROPE AND ASIA?
FOURTH CRUSADE
Pope
Innocent III persuaded
a group of French knights to
go on the 4th Crusade in
1202. The city-state of
Venice agreed to provide
transportation, but the cost
was too high for the
crusaders to pay.
Then the Venetians offered to
lower the cost of transporting
the crusaders if they agreed to
attack the city of Zara, a city on
the Adriatic coast. Zara was
Christian but a rival to Venice
for trade.
The Crusaders captured Zara,
and Pope Innocent III
excommunicated the entire
army for attacking a Christian
city. So the crusaders planned
an attack on Constantinople. It
too was Christian but offered
many riches for its owners.
In 1204 the crusaders captured
Constantinople, but it fell to the
Turks for the last time in 1453.
There were additional crusades
but historians disagree on how
many.
It was actually a continuous
process from 1096 – 1291. It
was a constant flow of
crusaders heading toward the
Holy Land, but they soon lost
their appeal.
RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES
from
a military standpoint
they were a failure. However
the Europeans learned about
many things of military
importance including the
crossbow and use of carrier
pigeons to transport
messages.
From the Byzantines they
learned such new siege tactics
as the undermining of walls and
the use of catapults to hurl
stones. They also learned of
gunpowder. The status of
women changed.
With their husbands gone to war
many wives took over the
management of feudal estates.
Europeans were influenced by
the ideas that were exchanged.
They were introduced to spices,
rice, sugar, lemons, apricots,
and melons.
THE RENAISSANCE
In
around 1350 a movement
to revive the interest in the
classical learning of Rome
and Greece began in Italy. It
was known as the
Renaissance, a French word
meaning rebirth.
The most important cities of the
Renaissance were Florence,
Rome and Venice. In these
cities (especially Florence) an
intellectual movement called
humanism developed.
These Italian scholars stressed
the study of grammar, rhetoric,
history, and poetry, using
classical texts. These studies
were called the humanities, and
those who studied them were
called humanists.
The founder of humanism was
Francesco Petrarch of Florence.
Petrarch stressed the teachings of
the ancient Romans. He felt they
were the best example of ethical
behavior. He was also deeply
committed to Christian teachings.
Probably the most famous of
Italian Renaissance writers is
Niccolo Machiavelli of
Florence. In 1513 he wrote the
famous essay called The Prince
which described government as
it actually worked.
In 1516 an English humanist
named Thomas More
published a book entitled
Utopia. In it he criticized society
and described his ideal society.
In the late 1500’s and early
1600’s William Shakespeare
wrote plays in England.
World History Standard 9
The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and
Reformation.
A. Explain the social, economic,
and political changes that
contributed to the rise of Florence
and the ideas of Machiavelli.
B. Identify artistic and scientific
achievements of Leonardo da
Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and
Michelangelo.
EQ - What is a Renaissance
Man?
Another Humanist was Dante.
He was exiled from Florence for
not appearing in court to defend
himself against allegations that
he did not commit. If he
returned he was to be burned
alive. This had a major impact
on his writings.
His most famous work is the
Divine Comedy. In this Dante
places many Florentine
politicians and Catholic figures
in various stages of Hell, levels
of Purgatory, or even spheres of
Heaven.
Erasmus –
Christian Humanist from
Holland. Wrote book called The
Praise of Folly where he poked
fun at greedy merchants,
heartsick lovers, quarrelsome
scholars, and pompous priests
He believed in a Christianity of
the heart, not one of
ceremonies or rules. He said
that in order to improve society
all people should study the Bible
Another important aspect of the
Renaissance was art. The most
noticeable characteristic of
Renaissance painting is its
realism in representing natural
life and forms. Renaissance
painters admired roman culture.
Renaissance painters could make
their art lifelike because they had
learned a technique of painting
called perspective.
distant objects smaller - foreground
arranging them in certain ways
create the illusion of depth on a flat
canvas.
Italian painters of the late
1400’s and early 1500’s
displayed such genius that this
period has been called the High
Renaissance. Four of these
great artists were:
Leonardo da Vinci – was a
versatile man. He excelled in
music, art, architecture and
math and he was also a
scientist. Studies of anatomy
helped in drawing the human
figure.
And he used mathematics to
organize the space in his
paintings. His mural “the Last
Supper” is widely known. But
probably his most famous
painting is called the “Mona
Lisa”.
Michelangelo Buonarroti (bwaw –
nar-raw-tee) – he preferred
sculpture to painting, and he
created great stone carvings. He
also painted murals on the ceilings
of the Sistine Chapel of the
Vatican. He was also a poet, and
an outstanding architect.
Raphael – was hired by the
Pope to beautify the Vatican.
He is also known for his
Madonna’s – representations of
the Virgin Mary.
Titian – spent most of his life in
Venice. He is known for his rich
colors.