CHAPTER 20: THE EAST
ASIAN WORLD
The Ming and Qing Dynasties
THE MING DYNASTY
• Lasted from 1368-1644
• Created by overthrowing the Mongols
• Name came from Ming Hong Wu
• Established capital in Nanjing
• Size of empire
• Limited to part of present day China
• But politically had control in Mongolia too
THE MING EMPIRE
THE MING DYNASTY
• Ming Government
• Centralized bureaucracy
• Civil Service Exam system
• Had to be qualified for the job
• No longer given as a favor
• Set up National school system
• Ran large number of factories and workshops
• Improvement of Grand Canal
• Shipping lane across China
THE MING DYNASTY
• Yong Le
• Successor to Ming Hong Wu
• Creation of Imperial City (1406)
• Beijing
• Seen as a sign of prestige and power
• AKA Forbidden City
• Naval Voyages (1405-1433)
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7 voyages
Established connection to outside world
Went as far as East Africa
Brought home new goods
THE IMPERIAL CITY
THE MING DYNASTY
• Foreign Interaction
• 1514: Portugal
• Portuguese fleet lands in China
• China had no interest and paid little attention
• Felt that they were more powerful than any European country
• Similar to the Anglo-Saxon superiority complex
• Portuguese wore out welcome quickly
• Banished to only the small port of Macao
THE MING DYNASTY
• Christian Missionaries
• European in origin
• Highly educated men
• Both the missionaries and Chinese learned much from one another
• Chinese
• Introduction of European glasses
• Missionaries
• Chinese architecture
• Prevalence of books (Printing in Europe still limited in early 1500’s)
THE MING DYNASTY
• Decline of the Dynasty
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Power struggles of future emperors
Political corruption
High taxes
Poor growing seasons
Disease outbreaks
Peasant Rebellion (1644)
• Led by Li Zicheng
• Overtook Beijing
• Emperor commits suicide
THE QING DYNASTY
• Origins
• Manchus
• Lived North of the Great Wall
• Invaded and took control from the peasants in 1644
• Established the Qing Dynasty
• Lasted until 1911
THE QING DYNASTY
• Like the Moguls, controlled an empire that they were not native to
• Less than 2% of population were Manchus
• Chinese resisted and established Taiwan as a haven
• Manchus prepare to invade
• All loyal to Manchus must wear queue
• “Lose your hair or lose your head!”
• Over time, Manchus became legit
rulers in China
THE QING DYNASTY
• How do you balance Manchu and Chinese Traditions?
• Same questions asked by Moguls in India
• Kept the same political system as Ming Dynasty
• Chinese held 80% of political positions
• Almost all were at lower level (Like Moguls)
• Manchus held majority of land
• Received money from treasury
THE QING DYNASTY
• Kangxi (1661-1722)
• Considered possibly the greatest of all emperors
• Ruled for 61 years
• Insisted on being a hard-working ruler
• “One act of negligence may cause sorrow throughout the country, and one
moment of negligence may result in trouble for thousands of generations”
• Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)
• China and Russia
• Limited Russian movement into China
• Established a trading agreement between the two nations
• Proclaimed religious tolerance for Christians
• Roughly 300,000 Chinese converted to Catholicism
THE QING DYNASTY-KANGXI
ECONOMICS IN CHINA
• Agricultural society
• 85% of population were farmers
• Changes to Society
• 1. Population increase
• 80 million to 300 million in 300 years
• Aided periods of peace and good growing seasons
• 2. Increased trading and manufacturing
• Government controlled and still seen as inferior to agriculture
FAMILY IN CHINA
• Family was the central group in society
• Everything revolved around it
• Responsible for:
• Educating children
• Taking care of unmarried daughters
• Taking care of the elderly
• Multiple generations under one roof
• Took on the family of your sons as well
WOMEN IN CHINA
• Considered inferior to men in society
• Women could not divorce or inherit land
• Husband could divorce if:
• Wife did not give birth to sons
• Husbands could take on second wife as well
• Footbinding
• Began among wealthy but quickly spread to all classes
• Estimated that up 2/3’s women went through it at one point
• Kept them from walking
• Had to be carried everywhere
FOOTBINDING
EUROPEANS IN CHINA
• Qianlong (1736-1795)
• Led China to greatest period of prosperity and size
• Then came decay
• As he aged, corruption increased
• Higher taxes from corrupt officials
• White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
• Peasant rebellion
• Eventually suppressed but greatly weakened Empire
EUROPEANS IN CHINA
• Limitations
• Europe could only trade between October and March on island of Guangzhou
• England
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Wanted more access
Had unfavorable balance of trade (imported more than exported)
Imported: tea, silk, porcelain
Exported: cotton and silver(paid as debt for tea)
CHAPTER 20: THE EAST
ASIAN WORLD
Reunification of Japan
POLITICAL CHANGES IN JAPAN
• Japan in 1400’s under control by the Daimyo
• Noble families taking power from the shogun
• Reunification would take years and 3 people to complete
• Oda Nobunga
• Seized capital of Kyoto
• Placed current government under his control
• Unified the central part of Japan
POLITICAL CHANGES IN JAPAN
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• Moved his capital to Osaka
• 1590, persuaded the Daimyo to fall under his rule
• Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Takes control after Hideyoshi
Daimyo in control of Tokyo
1603 took title of shogun
Family had control until 1868
• Period known as “The Great Peace”
THE TOKUGAWA ERA
• Maintained rule for 300 years
• Maintained rule through Hostage System
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Daimyo ruled the 25 independent provinces
Tokugawa made Daimyo have 2 residences
When not in Tokyo, their family had to stay there close to shogun
Samurai class became more like managers than warriors
THE TOKUGAWA ERA
• Tokugawa Economy and Society
• Paper Money
• Became common use among Japanese
• Led to development of the Merchant class
• Farmers
• Majority could not afford the taxes being waged and became tenant farmers
• Led to many revolts among farming class
• Class System
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1. Warriors
2. Peasants
3. Artisans
4. Merchants
Intermarriage was forbidden
THE TOKUGAWA ERA
• The Social Classes
• The Warrior Class
• Made up of shogun, daimyo, samurai and ronin
• Shogun was the supreme ruler below emperor
• Daimyo received land and rice from shogun for military service
• Samurai received rice from daimyo for advisory roles
• Ronin were warriors looking for work
THE TOKUGAWA ERA
• Tokugawa Economy and Society
• The Eta
• The outcasts of Japan
• Lowest class of all
• Laws regulated:
• Where they lived
• Clothes they wore
• Hairstyles they could have
• Women
• Restricted rights
• Arranged marriages
• Could be divorced if not meeting expectations
THE TOKUGAWA ERA
• Literature and Arts
• Kabuki
• Theater productions
• Dramas from the teahouses and dance halls of japan
• Women could not appear in kabuki
• Believed it corrupted moral standards
• Architecture
• Developed because of need for multiple residences
• Daimyo built lavish houses in Tokyo
CHAPTER 20: THE EAST
ASIAN WORLD
The Kingdoms of Korea and Southeast Asia
KOREA: THE HERMIT KINGDOM
• The Yi Dynasty
• Yi Song-gye
• Military strategist and overthrower of Koryo Dynasty
• Adopted Chinese ideas of bureaucratic government
• Wanted to make sure they were like China but not exact
• One difference was language/alphabet (Hangul)
• Phonetically based instead of symbols
• Everything is sounded out
• Still used today in writings
KOREA: THE HERMIT KINGDOM
• Trouble in the Yi Dynasty
• Invasion by China and Japan
• Hideyoshi (Japan) invades in 16th century
• Wanted Korea to be a travel route to China
• Korea won but land was devastated and towns destroyed
• Workers killed or kidnapped
• Manchus invade in 1620’s
• Recovery from these resulted in period of peace
• Isolationists
• Remained hidden from European affairs and connections
• Did not allow missionaries or merchants in which gave them the “Hermit”
nickname
KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Vietnam
• “March to the South”
• Emperors slowly took over more land
• Caused the Khmer monarchy to disappear
• Government
• Designed to suit each emperor
• Followed Chinese and Confucian ideas
• Treat people with love and compassion
• Intermediary between Heaven and Earth
• Appointed by Heaven (Divine Right of Kings)
KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Indonesia
Spice trade attracted Muslim merchants
Islamic ideas came along with them
Led to Islamic political states developing in spice route
Sultan at Melaka
• Used the success of his spice trade to take over whole region
• Melaka was in the heart of the trade route and everyone had to go through
it
• Government
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• Installed the status of sultans
• Defender of faith but still mortal
• Bureaucracy full of aristocrats and not qualified people
KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Other types of Kingships
• Buddhist rulers
• Seen in Laos, Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand
• Seen as superior to humans
• Connection between human society and the universe
• Javanese rulers
• Had a sacred quality to them
• Maintained balance in sacred and material world
• Palace was supposed to represent center of the universe
• Shaped like rays that spread to the rest of the empire