World History
• Chapter 8
• Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the
West, 1789-1900
• Pages 247-267
• Revised September 2014
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
• Section 1
• Pages 247-252
• Spurred by discontent and
Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin
America fought colonial rule.
• Sixteen of today’s Latin American
nations gained their independence at
this time.
COLONIES OF SPAIN
AND PORTUGAL
 Spain -controlled most of Latin America
 Portugal -controlled Brazil
 1700s- These colonies grew in wealth and
prosperity.
 European investment.
 Greater access to information.
 Education- Learned of Enlightenment and
Revolutions
1. How did early struggles in Latin America
affect Haiti?
• In the early 1800s growing tensions among the different ethnic and social groups of Latin American
countries, as well as reforms imposed by colonial authorities, were leading to demands for change.
• Haiti was the first territory to break its ties with Europe (France).
• Saint Domingue, with its rich sugar exports, had been built with slave labor.
•
Located on the western half of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
• Haiti, led by Toussaint L’Overture, (a former slave), declared independence in 1804.
•
•
He was a hero because of his military and political actions.
He was imprisoned in France and died in 1803, but the
struggle continued.
•
They re-named the nation Haiti.
Saint
Domingue
Santa
Domingo
Hispaniola
2. What was the difference between creoles and
peninsulares?
• In the 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America.
•
This includes present-day Mexico and most of Central and South America.
• Portugal governed the large present-day country of Brazil.
• Spanish kings had made great improvements in their colonies, thus they enjoyed wealth and prosperity.
•
This included education, which allowed many to learn about the Enlightenment in Europe.
• At this time, tensions mounted between two groups:
•
•
Creoles—people of European descent who were born in the colonies (excluded from top military/gov’t positions)
Peninsulares—colonists who were born in Spain (most powerful group)
•
This also was happening in Portuguese Brazil.
• Africans & Indians—largest group, but had very little power (lower classes)
• Mulatto—persons of mixed European and African descent
Class structure in Latin America
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Enslaved Africans
Indians
3. From the view of the colonial powers, why
were the creoles the most dangerous part of
the population?
• Even though they could not hold public office, creoles were the least
oppressed of those born in Latin America.
• They were the best educated, many traveling to Europe for their education.
• Most were trained as soldiers and wealthy.
4. What did Simon Bolivar achieve?
 Simon Bolivar
 “The Liberator” led a series of revolutions
against Spanish forces in South America.
 Born to a wealthy creole family in Venezuela
and once was an admirer of Napoleon.
 Twice Bolivar had to go into exile.
 In 1811, Venezuela declared independence from
Spain.
 Bolivar led a 10 year military campaign.
 By 1821—Bolivar and his troops had defeated
the Spanish in most of northern South
America, which includes Venezuela, Columbia,
& Ecuador.
5. Who was Jose de San Martin?
• Fought against Napoleon in Spain after King
Ferdinand VII was replaced by Napoleon’s brother
Joseph.
•
Born in Argentina, he returned home when he
learned his country would be fighting for
independence in 1816.
• Met Bolivar in Ecuador in 1821.
• Eventually, San Martin would lead the battle against
Spain in all of southern South America.
• 1816- Argentina gains independence
• Moves to Chile and attacks over the Andes
Mountains.
• Chile gained independence.
• Peru gains independence in 1824.
6. How did Mexico’s fight for independence
begin?
•
•
•
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for Mexican independence.
Mexico was inhabited by creoles, peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race.
In 1810, a small town priest first called for Mexican independence.
•
•
•
•
He had a history of challenging authority.
He made a famous speech on September 16, 1810 calling for independence from Spanish peninsulares.
•
•
Father Miguel Hidalgo was a creole priest.
Still today Mexican Independence Day is celebrated on this day.
Even though Hidalgo was calling on independence from the peninsulares, Spanish authorities realized the danger of the growing
revolution.
•
After marching towards Mexico City with Indian and mestizo followers, the Spanish army defeated the unruly army of some
80,000.
•
He was captured and executed, but his movement continued.
He is still known as the Father of Mexican Independence.
7. Describe the similarities between Hidalgo
and Morelos.
• After the death of Father Hidalgo, Father Jose Maria Morelos became the leader of the revolutionary
movement.
• The rebels rallied around him.
• He organized a Mexican congress made up of all ethnic groups.
• Creole, Indian, mixed.
• He wanted independence with guaranteed freedoms.
• Morelos was a strong military leader and took control of parts of Mexico for four years.
• He too was captured and executed by Spanish authorities.
8. Who was Augustin de Iturbide and why did
he change sides in the Mexican war for
independence?
• Iturbide was a creole who was loyal to the Spanish king.
• These “royalists”, led by Iturbide, were asked to fight a final battle against the
revolutionaries in 1820.
• However, that same year a liberal revolution was underway in Spain.
• Iturbide believed this revolution would take away some of his power.
• He decided to switch sides and fight for
the Mexican revolutionaries.
9. What did Iturbide propose to Spain?
• First, Mexico would gain its independence, but would be ruled by a monarch.
• Second, creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights.
• Third, the Roman Catholic Church would be the official church of Mexico.
• After 10 years of fighting, this compromise brought together many different groups.
• Creole, peninsulares, royalists, and rebels all fought together for independence in 1821.
• Iturbide, the creole military leader, became Emperor Augustin I of Mexico.
• Iturbide was overthrown in 1823 after refusing to recognize the declaration of
independence of his country and others in central America.
10. Why didn’t King John VI object to giving
Brazil its freedom?
• The royal family of Portugal, had landed in
Brazil after Napoleon invaded Portugal.
• They lived there for 14 years.
• They ran their empire from Rio de Janiero, until
Napoleon was defeated in 1815.
• Rio de Janiero would become the capital of
Brazil
• King John returns to Portugal and leaves Dom
Pedro (Pedro I), his son, to rule Brazil.
• He was crowned Emperor Pedro I and granted
Brazil independence in 1822.
• With all of the revolutions in South America
and Mexico, Pedro I simply declared Brazil as
independent.
• This occurred with little bloodshed.
Europe Faces Revolutions
• Section 2
• Pages 253-257
• Liberal and nationalist uprisings
challenged the old conservative order
of Europe.
• The system of nation-states
established in Europe during this
period continues today.
1. How can people have such different
philosophies?
• Personal experiences, education level, family influence.
• Three schools of political thought struggled for supremacy in Europe during
the first half of the 1800s.
• Conservative—usually wealthy property owners and nobility, who wanted to see
very little change and argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of
Europe.
• Liberal—mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants, who wanted to
give more power to elected parliaments.
• Radical—favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people.
2. To which school do U.S. political parties
correspond?
• Republicans—Conservative
• Democrats—Liberal
• Moderates
• Radicals
3. How did nationalism blur the line between
philosophies?
• Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king
or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common history and
culture.
• Nationalism attracted people from all political schools and blurred the line
between each philosophies.
• When a nation develops its own independent government, it becomes a
nation-state.
• A nation-state defends the nation’s territory and way of life.
4. How were the revolutions in Italy different
from the revolutions in Greece, Belgium, and
Poland?
• For centuries, Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire.
• The Balkans, an area of present day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the
former Yugoslavia, was controlled by the Ottomans.
• Popular support for an independent Greece grew and was realized in 1830.
• In October 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from Dutch rule.
• At around the same time the Italian revolution sought to combine smaller states
together in Italy.
• Poland was unsuccessful in breaking away from Russia.
5. What happened in France during the
Revolution of 1830?
• At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis
XVIII to the French throne.
• After his death, his brother Charles X inherited the throne.
• He tried to rule as an absolute monarch.
• After suspending the power of the legislature, angry citizens revolted.
• Charles abdicated his throne and fled to England.
• This became known as the Revolution of 1830.
• King Louis Philippe replaced Charles X.
6. Why was Louis Philippe known as the
“citizen king”?
• Philippe was selected by moderate liberal leaders.
• He was an aristocrat who was popular with the middle class.
• He appeared to live like ordinary people.
• He dressed in long pants rather than knee-high breeches worn by nobility.
• Over time however, Philippe acted less like a citizen and more like a king.
• During Louis Philippe’s reign, working conditions grew poorer, while the middle class and aristocracy became
more prosperous.
• His popularity deteriorated even more in 1846, due to an
economic depression.
• Discontent would lead to yet another revolution.
7. What were the results of the birth of the
French republic?
• The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered in France until 1848.
• The Revolution of 1848 was sparked when the French gov’t banned a banquet planned by
reformers.
• Angry protestors, both middle and working class, took to the streets.
• Louis Philippe quickly abdicated and the monarchy came to an end.
• The French citizens formed a new gov’t, a republic headed by a president.
• Voters elected Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon,
as president.
• This period of time is known as “Third Republic”.
8. What was unusual in the way that Napoleon
III became emperor?
•
•
The French constitution allowed the president to serve only four years, but Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office.
•
In 1851 he sent his troops to Paris and arrested members of the Nat’l Assembly who opposed him.
•
Then he called for a national vote to decide whether he should be given the power to draft a new constitution.
•
Voters approved the measure.
In another vote the following year, the French people elected him emperor Napoleon III.
•
•
This began the Second Empire.
During this time some reforms were made.
•
Increasing voting rights.
•
Economic prosperity.
•
Many miles of railroads were built.
•
Trade increased.
•
Communication systems also improved.
9. How did Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War
push it toward political reform?
• Unlike France, Russia had not yet made the leap into the modern industrialized world.
• Under Russia’s feudal system, serfs were bound to nobles whose land they worked and were
at their mercy.
• By the 1830s, most Russians believed this system must end.
• This system also prevented the empire from advancing economically.
• This problem was illustrated by Russia’s failed attempt to take over part of the Ottoman
Empire in the Crimean War.
• Russia’s industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies to the troops.
• Thus Russia lost the war against combined forces from Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman
Empire.
10. What consequences did Alexander’s
reforms have on Russia?
• Alexander II decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change after
the failure in Crimea.
• The first and boldest reform was a decree freeing the serfs in 1861.
• Peasant communities—rather than individual peasants—received about half of the
farmland in the country.
• Nobles kept the other half.
• Each peasant community had 49 years to pay the government of the land it
received.
• Thus, they were still tied to the land, but free.
11. How were the serfs and slaves alike and
different?
• Neither had many rights.
• Neither could move without the master’s or noble’s approval.
• Serfs were tied to the land, which they did not own.
• Slaves were owned by white masters.
• Serfs could own property, including cattle and tools, and could choose whom they
marry.
• Slaves owned nothing and had no rights in choosing spouses.
• Serfs could be made to pay taxes and serve in the military.
• Slaves did not have these obligations.
12. What happened to Alexander II?
•
•
•
•
Alexander II was assassinated by terrorists in 1881.
His successor, Alexander III, tightened czarist control over the country.
This halted political and social reforms.
However, Alexander III and his ministers encouraged industrial development
to expand Russia’s power.
Nationalism: Italy and Germany
• Section 3
• Pages 258-263
• Nationalism contributed to the
formation of two new nations and
a new political order in Europe.
• Nationalism is the basis of world
politics today and has often caused
conflicts and wars.
1. How was the revolt in the Balkans an
example of