STUDY GUIDE: Chapter 6 & 7
Properties of Water & Chemistry of Seawater
Name: ___________________________
Date: _____________ Period: _______
1) Water covers about how much of Earth’s surface? _____________
2) What is a biosphere? How much of Earth’s biosphere is water?
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3) The hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in water use this bond: ________________________________
4) Explain this bond and what it does for a water molecule.
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5) What does it mean when water is considered a polar molecule and to have polarity?
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6) What does this polarity allow water to do? ________________________________________________________
7) The bond that forms between water molecules is called: _____________________________________________
8) Explain how water bonds. Is this weak or strong?
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9) Describe each of the following characteristics if water being a polar molecule. Due to water’s polarity water
is/can/has:
a. Be a liquid: _______________________________________________________________________________
b. Cohesion/Adhesion: _______________________________________________________________________
c. Viscosity: ________________________________________________________________________________
d. Surface Tension: __________________________________________________________________________
10) Why is surface tension important?
11) Explain how ice floats. Why is this important?
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12) What would happen to the oceans and sea life if ice sank?
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13) Differentiate between a solution and mixture. What is seawater an example of?
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14) In seawater: salt is the _______________________ and water is the ___________________________________.
15) What is salinity? What is the most abundant salt in the ocean?
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16) Name and describe the 6 colligative properties of water:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
17) Describe the relationship between osmosis and osmotic pressure. How do these concepts affect marine life?
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18) What does the principle of constant proportions state?
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19) Where does the salt in the oceans come from? _____________________________________________________
20) Low temperature + high salinity = ________________ density
21) Differentiate between the following: thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline.
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22) Differentiate between an acid and an alkaline.
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23) How does the pH of seawater vary slightly with depth? (think in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide present)
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24) What element is essential to ALL life? ____________________________________________________________
25) What are the roles of carbon in organisms?
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26) What are the roles of nitrogen in organisms?
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27) Why is phosphorus and silicon important to life?
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**Make sure you can briefly describe and label parts of the carbon cycle and water cycle!!****
28) Differentiate between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. How does this apply to marine life?
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29) What is the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?
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30) What type of energy would an organism need to use in order to be an osmoregulator?
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31) What is heat? What is the measure of heat energy based on?
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32) Faster molecules + More molecules = _____________________________________________________________
33) What is temperature? What temperature system is most commonly used in science?
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34) What is heat capacity and what unit is used to measure heat capacity?
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35) Water has the highest heat capacity of all common liquids. What does this mean and how does this affect Earth?
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36) When water changes from a liquid to a solid it gives of three types of heat. Name these three types of heat and
differentiate between the three.
a.
b.
c.
37) What is the latent heat of vaporization?
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38) It takes more heat to vaporize water then to freeze it. Explain why.
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39) What is thermal inertia and why is it important for marine organisms?
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40) Seawater density varies with ____________________ and _________________________________.
41) Density causes the oceans to ___________________, or form layers.
42) Describe the three density layers.
a. Surface zone:
b. Thermocline
c. Deep zone
43) How does light affect marine life?
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44) Two zones form in respect to penetration of light:
a. Photic zone: ______________________________________________________________________________
- Euphotic Zone: ________________________________________________________________________
- Dysphotic Zone: _______________________________________________________________________
b. Aphotic Zone: ____________________________________________________________________________
45) Differentiate between ectotherm, endotherm, and homeotherm.
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46) How does temperature affect metabolism and metabolism rate?
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47) How does sound affect marine life? (i.e echolocation)
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48) What is hydrostatic pressure and how does it affect marine life?
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49) Why is it not a good thing to have a small surface area, especially for cells?
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50) Describe Archimedes’ Principle.
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51) Why is it important for marine organisms?
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52) Describe how organisms can be affected by currents and how that is important?
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