Form and Function in
Chordates
33-3
Tunicate--filter
feeding
Lancelet—filter feeding
Feeding
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark
Salamander
Lizard
Pigeon
Cow
Respiration
Respiration
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Salamander
Lizard
Primate
Pigeon
Respiration
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Respiration
Gills and
diffusion
Gills/air sacs
Simple lungs
and skin
Lungs
Lungs (tubes Lungs
and air sacs; (alveoli)
one-way flow)
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Mammals
Circulation
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
Double-Loop Circulatory System
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
Circulation
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Fishes
Circulation
No true
chambers
Single loop; 2 Double loop;
chambers
3 chambers
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Double loop;
3 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Excretion
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Excretion
Gills and
gill slits
Kidney and
gills
Kidney and
gills
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Response
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Response
Simple; mass Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization;
of nerve cells small
small
small
large
large
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
Fishes
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Movement
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Movement
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Muscles,
no bones
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Upper limbs
are wings; 2
feet; muscles
and ligaments
2 or 4 legs;
walk with legs
straight under
them;
muscles and
ligaments
(adult)
Muscles on
either side of
backbone
Limbs point
Limbs stick
directly
out sideways;
toward
muscles and
ground;
ligaments
muscles and
ligaments
Reproduction
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Reproduction External
fertilization


Fishes
External
fertilization
Amphibians Reptiles
(adult)
External
fertilization
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Birds
Mammals
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Internal
fertilization
and
development
Internal fertilization: inside the female’s body
External fertilization: outside the female’s body
Temperature Control
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Temperature
Ectothermic
Control
Fishes
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Endothermic
Amphibians
(adult)
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Body Temperature
Can be controlled by
The Environment
The Animal’s Body
Ectotherm
Endotherm