Animals
Chapters 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
DUE: May 19th and 20th
Directions: Answer the following questions and draw-label-color, and write the captions for the following figures from
Chapters 25 through Chapter 29. Write the questions then the answer!
1.
2.
3.
4.
P730
a.
b.
P731
a.
b.
c.
d.
P732
a.
b.
c.
d.
P733
a.
List the characteristics of animals.
What are invertebrates?
What are chordates?
What is a notochord?
What is the function of pharyngeal pouches?
What is a vertebrate?
What essential functions must animals perform to survive? (see key)
What is feedback inhibition?
How does feedback inhibition aid in homeostasis?
Read the caption for Figure 25-3 and summarize how iguanas maintain homeostasis.
Summarize how do the nervous system and musculoskeletal systems work together to gather and
respond to stimuli.
5.
P734-735
a. Summarize how the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and excretory systems work together.
b. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
6. P737
a. What are eight features of animal body plans?
b. What are the levels of organization in animals? (remember cells form tissues, tissues form organs..)
7. P738
a. Differentiate between bilateral and radial symmetry.
b. WhaWhat part of a human represents the dorsal side?
c. What part of a human represents the ventral side?
d. What part of a human represents the anterior end?
e. What part of a human represents the posterior end?
f. What are the three germ layers found in animals?
g. DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 25-8.
8. P739
a. DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 25-9.
b. What is a zygote?
c. What is the blastula?
d. Differentiate between deuterostomes and protostomes.
e. What is meant by segmentation?
9. P740
a. Complete Analyzing Data. Write the questions and answers for 1-3.
b. What is cephalization?
10. P741
a. Review Figure 25-10 and answer the following:
i. What two statements can you make about levels of organization in animals?
1
ii.
iii.
iv.
11. P742
a.
b.
12. P754
a.
What type of body cavity do most groups have?
What is the most common means of embryological development?
In what way are echinoderms unusual?
How are animal phyla defined? (see key)
Review figure 25-11
i. Which organism displays radial symmetry?
ii. Which organisms display segmentation?
iii. What characteristic do all animals share?
Review Figure 26-3 and answer the following questions:
i. What traits do arthropods have that cnidarians don’t have?
ii. Which invertebrate group has the closest relationship to chordates?
13. P754-756
a. Create a table:
Invertebrate
Sponges
Cnidarians
Arthropods
Nematodes
Flatworms
Annelids
Mollusks
Echinoderms
14. P757
a.
b.
c.
15. P758
a.
17. P763
a.
b.
Description
What are the most ancient chordates? (see key)
Review figure 26-4.
What two chordates characteristics does Pikaia possess?
Create a table and write yes or no below each heading:
Chordate
Group
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Jawless fish
Cartilaginous
Fish
Bony Fish
Lobe finned
fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
16. P761
a.
b.
c.
Phylum
Vertebrae
Jaws
Paired
Appendages
True
Bone
Lungs
Four
Limbs
Amniotic
egg
Endothermy
What does the word amphibian mean?
What does the term tetrapod mean?
Read this page and explain how climate changes during the Permian Period caused the decline of
amphibians.
What are birds?
What are five characteristics of birds?
2
18.
19.
20.
21.
c.
d.
P764
a.
b.
c.
P675
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
P766
a.
b.
P767
a.
Describe the Archeaopteryx. What is its significance?
Complete Analyzing Data. Write the questions and answers only.
What are five characteristics of mammals?
What are the three major groups of mammals today?
What characteristic separates modern mammals? (How are they different)
What does the term primate mean?
What were primates ‘first’ in doing?
What characteristics do all primates share? (see key)
What are three ways that toes, fingers, and shoulders improved primate adaptation?
What is the binocular vision?
How did binocular vision improve primate adaptation?
What is the importance of primates having a well developed cerebrum?
What are the major evolutionary groups of primates? (How many colors do you see in the cladogram?)
Which cladogram group is closely related to humans?
Create a table:
Group
Old World Monkeys
New World Monkeys
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Description
Examples
What is a prehensile tail used for?
Define hominid.
What is a hominine?
What adaptations allowed hominines to walk upright?
What does it mean to be bipedal?
What is the function of the opposable thumb?
Review figure 26-16. What are the major differences between the skeletons of the human and the
gorilla?
22. P782-783
a. Create a table:
Mode of Feeding
Filter Feeders
Detritivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Description
b. What is symbiosis?
c. What is a symbiont?
d. Describe parasitic symbionts.
e. Describe mutualistic symbionts.
23. P784 - 785
a. Complete Analyzing Data. Write the questions and answers for 1-3.
b. What are the two ways animals digest their food?
c. Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular digestion.
d. Differentiate between a gastrovascular cavity and a digestive tract.
e. Describe the one-way digestive tract. How is food broken down?
f. Review Figure 27-2 and summarize the caption.
3
Examples
24.
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26.
27.
28.
29.
g.
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i.
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l.
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n.
P786
a.
b.
c.
P787
a.
P788
a.
b.
P789
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
P790
a.
b.
c.
P791
a.
b.
c.
How are the premolars and molars of carnivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the premolars and molars of herbivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the incisors of carnivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the incisors of herbivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the canines of carnivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the canines of herbivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the jaw joints of carnivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
How are the jaw joints of herbivores adapted for the type of food they eat?
Describe the digestive tract of carnivorous vertebrates and invertebrates.
Describe the digestive tract of herbivores?
Differentiate between the digestive tracts of carnivores and herbivores.
What respiratory structures do all share? (see key)
How do aquatic animals breathe? (see BOTH keys)
Differentiate between lungs and gills
What breathing challenge do terrestrial animals have that aquatic animals don’t have?
What respiratory structures enable land animals (also called terrestrial animals) to breath?
Why do animals inhale?
Dolphins are mammals. Do you expect them to have lungs or gills? Explain why.
D\Explain why respiration has multiple meanings.
Describe the differences in structure of lungs among amphibians, reptilians, and mammals.
What are alveoli?
How are a bird’s lungs structured? Why?
What is the function of the heart?
Describe the open-circulatory system.
DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 27-9. ONLY DRAW THE HEART AND THE
FLOW TO THE SINUSES AND ORGANS.
30. P792-793
a. Describe a closed circulatory system.
b. DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 27-10. ONLY DRAW THE HEART AND THE
FLOW TO SMALL VESSELS AND TISSUES.
c. Differentiate between single loop and double loop circulation.
d. DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 27-11.
e. What is the function of the atrium?
f. What is the function of the ventricle?
31. P794
a. How do animals manage toxic nitrogenous waste?
b. What is excretion?
c. Why can’t ammonia be stored in fluids?
d. How are uric acid and urea different?
e. How are uric acid and urea similar?
32. P795
a. How do the kidneys separate wastes and excess water from blood?
b. What is a weakness of kidneys?
c. How do aquatic animals eliminate wastes?
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33. P796
a.
34. P797
a.
b.
c.
35. P798
a.
b.
36. P808
a.
b.
c.
37. P809
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b.
c.
d.
38. P810
a.
b.
c.
d.
39. P811
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
40. P812
a.
41. P814
a.
42. P815
a.
b.
c.
43. P816
a.
b.
c.
d.
44. P817
a.
Review FIGURE 27-15. What are two ways that fresh water fish and salt water fish avoid looking like a
‘water balloon with eyes’? (Read all of the labels in the figure)
How do terrestrial animals remove waste but maintain water? (see all three keys)
What is the function of nephridia?
What is the function of malphighian tubules?
Why can’t we drink seawater?
Describe the adaptions of marine reptiles and birds that allow them to excrete salt.
What are neurons?
What is stimulus?
What are sensory neurons?
What are interneurons?
What is a response?
What are motor neurons?
How do animals respond to their environment? (see key)
How are nerve nets, nerve cords, and ganglia different?
How are nerve nets, nerve cords, and ganglia the same?
What are cerebral ganglia?
What is the relationship between cerebral ganglia and the brain?
What are vertebrate brains from?
What is the function of the cerebrum?
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the function of the olfactory bulb?
What is the function of the optic lobe?
What is the function of the spinal cord?
What are some types of sensory systems in animals?
Describe how the hydrostatic skeleton works.
Describe how the endoskeleton works.
Describe how the exdoskeleton skeleton works.
What is molting?
What are joints?
What are ligaments?
What are tendons?
What is the relationship among joints, ligaments, and tendons?
Review FIGURE 28-12.
i. To what structure are arthropod muscles attached?
ii. To what structure are vertebrate muscles attached?
45. P819 - 820
a. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction. (see BOTH keys)
5
b.
46. P821
a.
b.
c.
47. P822
a.
b.
c.
d.
Describe how parasitic blood flukes alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 28-16
What occurs during internal fertilization?
Name three animals that reproduce by way of internal fertilization.
What occurs during external fertilization?
Name three animals that reproduce by way of exernal fertilization.
Differentiate between internal and external fertilization.
Create a table:
Species
Where do embryos develop
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
e.
48. P823
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Internal – embryos get their
nutrients from the mother’s
body.
Animal
Amphibians, most reptiles, all
birds
Insects, sharks, mammals
What is placenta?
What is metamorphosis?
Describe how aquatic invertebrates develop.
Describe how terrestrial invertebrates develop.
Differentiate between development in aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial invertebrates.
What are nymphs?
Review and read the caption for Figure 28-19.
i. Differentiate between Incomplete and complete metamorphosis.
49. P825-826
a. DRAW-LABEL-COLOR AND WRITE THE CAPTION FOR FIGURE 28-22.
b. How are terrestrial vertebrates adapted to reproduction on land? (see BOTH keys)
c. What is an amniotic egg?
d. Create a table:
Group
Reproductive Strategy
Example
Monotremes
Echidna
Marsupials
Placentals
e. What are mammary glands?
50. P827
a. What is homeostasis?
b. Why is the interdependence of body systems essential? (see key)
c. Why are the digestive and respiratory systems useless without the circulatory system?
d. Why does the excretory system need the circulatory system?
e. Which system does the muscle system need to be functional?
51. P828
a. Explain how the immune system works to fight disease.
b. What is the function of endocrine glands.
c. List three ways hormones are used to regulated body processes.
52. P829
a. What is an ectotherm? (see key)
b. What is an endotherm? (see key)
c. Differentiate between ectotherm and endotherm.
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53. P840
a. What is behavior?
54. P841
a. What is the significance of behavior in the evolution of the animal species? (see key)
b. What is innate behavior?
55. P842-843
a. What is learning?
b. Create a table:
Type of Learning
Description
Example
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Insight Learning
56. P844
a.
b.
57. P847
a.
b.
c.
d.
58. P848
a.
b.
What is imprinting?
Give two examples of an animal using components of innate and learned behaviors together.
How do environmental changes affect animal behavior?
What are circadian rhythms?
Describe two types of seasonal cycles.
What is migration?
How do social behaviors increase an animal’s evolutionary fitness?
Create a table:
Behavior
How does it increase fitness
Courtship
Territoriality and aggression
Animal Society
59. P849
a. Explain the theory of kin selection,
60. P850-851
a. What is communication?
Describe the technique
Visual signal
Chemical signal
Sound Signal
Language
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Example
Example(s)