After lecture cool down
activity… Reflect on your
learning today
Answer in complete sentences.
3
things/facts/ideas you learned today
2
things/facts/ideas
that surprised you today
1 question, comment, concern, or query
that you have about today’s lecture.
READ
Write your own 3 short answer questions
– The more detailed or specific the better
– Think of questions that might be on a test
– Compare and Contrast
– Synthesis (Create or Do something)
Write the answers to your questions
– Each answer should be a paragraph in length.
– 5-7 Sentences
– A good answer has 2-3 parts to it.
S.U.: Review for Quiz
STEP 1: (copy these
words into your NB)
– Monomer
– Polymer
– Dehydration
Synthesis
– Nucleotide
– Amino Acid
– Protein
– Nucleic Acid
– Carbohydrate
– Monosaccharide
STEP 2:
– Rate the words on the left
according to the scale below.
Rating Scale:
– 4 = I could easily teach it to
someone else.
– 3 = I think I know what it means,
but I could use a review.
– 2 = I have seen it or heard it
before.
– 1 = I have no idea what it
means.
STARTUP
STEP 1:
– Rate the words on the
right according to the
scale below.
Rating Scale:
4 = I could easily teach it
to someone else.
3 = I think I know what it
means, but I could use
a review.
2 = I have seen it or
heard it before.
1 = I have no idea what it
means.
STEP 2: (copy all
words in your
notebook)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cell
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulim
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Find your match.
3 minutes.
Left Side:
Right Side:
Startup: Cell Theory
FYI: Your test on cells, in approximately two
weeks will be an in class essay.
This will be worth 60 pts (3 quizzes)
Below is your prompt:
Answer the following question:
– What is a cell?
– Write down everything you know about cells. Be
specific and site examples. For your stamp, you
must be writing for at least 10 minutes today.
See what you can do, and from this today we will
build your knowledge into an essay!
Cellular Biology
What would you bring along if you were
set afloat in the ocean, inside a clear
Plexiglas sphere (10 m. in diameter)?
You will be afloat for two years, how
would you modify your sphere?
II. Cell Theory
A. Developed by Schleiden,
Schwann and Virchow
1. All living things are composed of
cells.
2. The cell is the functional unit of
life.
3. New cells come from division of
preexisting cells.
III. Microscopes
A. Light Microscopes
1. Advantages
a. Can look at living things
b. See in color
c. Requires simple preparation
d. Fairly inexpensive
III. Microscopes
2. Disadvantages
a. Specimens must be
thin.
b. Limited magnification
(~2,000X)
c. Resolution is poor on
higher
magnifications.
B. Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscopes
1. Advantages
a) Greater magnification (scanning 100,000
times and transmission 200,000).
b) Scanning EM will give you a three
dimensional view.
Transmission EM
Scanning EM
2. Disadvantages
a) Can only look at dead things.
b) Specimen preparation is time
consuming and expensive.
c) Objects appear black and white.
d) Very expensive to purchase.
What type of microscope took
this picture?
What kind of microscope took
this picture?
What type of microscope was
used to take both of these
pictures?
V.
Cell Size
A. Why are cells so tiny?
 To maximize the surface area to volume
ratio.
B. What is the surface area and volume of a 4 cm
cube?
 Surface Area (SA) = (h) x (w) x (# of sides)
 4 x 4 x 6 = 96 cm2
 Volume (V) = h x w x d
 4 x4 x 4 = 64 cm3
h
SA:V = 3:2
d
w
V.
Cell Size
C. What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm cubes?
 Surface Area
2 x 2 x 6 x 8 = 192 cm2
 Volume
2 x 2 x 2 x 8 = 64 cm3
 SA:VOL =
3:1 cm
V.
Cell Size
D. Why does SA/Vol ratio matter so much?
a) Having twice the surface area and the same
volume allows for a more efficient exchange
of materials.
 Nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and water.
E. Another reason why cells are so small?
a) Cell nucleus can only control so much
cytoplasm (the materials inside the cell).
VI. Classification of cells
A. Classify cells according to their complexity
1. Prokaryotic cells (Bacteria)
a) Most ancient and simple (unicellular).
b) Do not have DNA organized in a nucleus.
c) Do not have any membrane bound
organelles, but they have ribosomes and
cell membranes.
VI. Classification of cells
2.
Eukaryotic cells
a) Generally larger and more complex than
prokaryotes (can be single- or multi-celled
organisms)
b) Most cells are in this group
c) Have DNA organized into chromosomes in
a nucleus
d) Have membrane bound organelles
HOMEWORK:
Quiz on Thursday
Outline 7-3 Thursday
Use the web and find
pictures of organelles.
SU: Compare and Contrast
Eukaryotic to Prokaryotic Cells
No talking, 10 minutes, Read pages 172-173
If you need a stamp, let Mr. Hagen know as he
circulates and takes attendance.
Create a T – Chart. List characteristics of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
CB
Outline 7-3 Tomorrow
Quiz Next Tuesday
– Cell Theory and Cell Size
– Eukaryotic Vs. Prokaryotic
– Organelles
HW: Look up pictures on the web of
all the organelles and bring to class.
ORGANELLE PROJECT
1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture
40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!
Description
– 4-5 facts per description
– If you copy the glossary, -.5 pts
– +.5 for everything you bring from the web
Picture
– Detailed and in color
– +1 if you bring a picture from the web.
SU: CST Prep - Bacteria
Which of the following
structures is not found in
bacteria?
–Ribosome
–Cytoplasm
–Cell membrane
–Nuclear Membrane
CB
Outline 7-3 Due TODAY
Outline 7-4 Due on TUESDAY
Reading quiz on 7-3 TUESDAY
Organelle Project due in class on
Monday
House Tomorrow
ORGANELLE PROJECT
1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture
40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!
Description
– 4-5 facts per description
– If you copy the glossary, -.5 pts
– +.5 for everything you bring from the web
Picture
– Detailed and in color
– +1 if you bring a picture from the web.
SU: Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells are differentiated
from prokaryotic cells because
eukaryotic cells
–Are much smaller
–Have permeable membranes
–Have a higher rate of reproduction
–Have a nuclei
SU: Cell Membrane
Functions of the cell membrane
include
–A. Protecting cells
–B. Supporting cells
–C. Controlling what enters and
leaves cells
–D. All of the above
CB
Organelle Project Due Today
Outline 7-4 Due by Friday
–Make sure outline 7-3 is due by
Wednesday
Quiz on Cell Organelles
Wednesday
Cell Membrane


1.
2.
3.
Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer
that surrounds cells
Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids with proteins
embedded in it with CHO chains attached
Regulates what comes in & out of cell
Protection
support
Cell Wall
Rigid layer outside of cell membrane
 Made of carbohydrates & protein
 Found only in plant cells
1. Provides support & protection to the cell

Nucleus


1.
2.
Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear
envelope
Contains DNA
Controls all cell activities
DNA made here
Nucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleus
1. Makes ribosomes

Chromatin
Granular material that consists of DNA
 Found in the nucleus
1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the
cell divides

Chromosome

1.
2.
Thread like structures that contain genetic
information
Passes genetic information from one
generation to the next
Units of heredity
Cytoplasm
Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but
enclosed by the cell membrane
 Where all organelles are found
1. Gives cell its shape

Mitochondria

1.
2.
3.
Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2
membranes (inner & outer)
Converts the chemical energy (sugar such as
glucose) stored in food into compounds (ATP)
that the cell can use for energy
“powerhouse”
“energy maker”
Golgi Complex
Stacks of membranes closely packed
together
1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) for storage in the cell or for secretion out
of the cell

Ribosome
Small particles of RNA & protein
 Found throughout the cytoplasm
 2 types – free & attached
1. Makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth
(ER)


1.
2.
Internal membrane system without
ribosomes
Contains enzymes
Makes lipids
Transports materials inside cell
Smooth ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Internal membrane system with ribosome's
attached
 Surrounds the nucleus
1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes

Centrioles
Located near the nucleus
 Made of microtubules
1. Helps with cell division

Cytoskeleton


1.
2.
3.
Network of protein filaments
Made of microfilaments & microtubules
Help support cell
Maintains its shape
Helps materials move within the cell
Lysosome

Small organelle filled with enzymes
1.
Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, &
proteins
Removes junk from cell
Breakdown old organelles
2.
3.
Chloroplast
Large stacks of membranes
 Found only in plant cells
1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it
into chemical energy - Photosynthesis

Vacuole
Storage saclike structures
 Found only in plant cells
1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates,
proteins & wastes

Contractile vacuole

1.
2.
Specialized vacuole
Pumps excess water out of cells
Helps maintain homeostasis
HW
Organelle project is late
Old outlines are late
Quiz on Wednesday on
organelles
Outline 7-4 due Friday
SU: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum
is called rough because its
surface
–A. has holes for secreting proteins.
–B. contains stacklike membranes.
–C. is covered with ribosomes.
–D. attracts proteins.
CB
QUIZ TOMORROW
Outline 7-4 due on Friday
Organelle Project needs to be
turned in ASAP. Everyday late
you loose one letter grade.
Today’s Assignment
Create flash cards for the cell
organelles.
Take a piece of paper and fold it
in half, lengthwise, and make two
more folds so you have 8 folds
per page.
Cut each page into 8 flash cards.
Flash Cards
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
(microtubule and
microfilament)
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosome
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Vacuole
Centriole
Organelle
SU: Review
for Quiz
If you do not
have flash
cards from
yesterday.
Complete the
table to the
right.
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi complex
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Centriole
Cytoskeleton
Lysosome
Chloroplast
vacuole
Description
Function
CB
Outline 7-4 Due on Friday
Notebook Check on Monday 10/27
Quiz Today
– 20 min Free writing on the descriptions of cell
organelles.
– 2 min with notebook only, no project, no flash
cards or anything.
QUIZ
Describe all the parts of a
cell.
Size, Shape, Function, Job
description in the cell.
You may draw pictures.
1pt for every fact.
HW
Outline 7-4
Organelle Project after
today is a C or less.
NB check 3 – 80pts
Minimum, Monday
Below are unused or
slides not used in class
yet but contain very
important information
which could be useful
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
 How is the cell like a factory?
Two main parts:
A. Nucleus
 Main control center of the cell
1. Coordinates cell’s activities
2. Contains cell’s DNA (chromatin) and nucleolus
(ribosome assembly)
3. Surrounded by a porous nuclear envelope
 Allows materials (proteins, RNA, other
molecules) that act as messengers to move
in and out of cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleus
1. Makes ribosomes
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
B. Cytoplasm

Area outside the nucleus that contains the
cell organelles and where the nucleus’
instructions are carried out
1. Endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous
labyrinth (two types)
a) Rough ER is covered with ribosomes
 Ribosomes assemble proteins
according to instructions from
nucleus (“the boss”)
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
b) Smooth ER has no ribosomes
• Contain special enzymes that synthesize
lipids, detoxify drugs and metabolize
carbohydrates
 In which organs would we find a lot of Smooth
ER?
2. Golgi Apparatus
• Proteins made by the ER are sent here to be
modified, sorted and packaged for storage in
the cell or secretion outside the cell
 From here, proteins are “warehoused”, then
“shipped” to their final destinations
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Lysosomes
• Small membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes
that digest proteins, lipids and carbs into
smaller molecules that can be used by the cell
• Break down old organelles and pathogens
 Cell’s “clean-up” crew
4. Vacuoles
• Membrane-enclosed sac that performs diverse
functions depending on the cell type (i.e. storage,
support, water balance)
 Storage area for water, salt, proteins and carbs
3.
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
5.
Mitochondria
• Enclosed by two membranes
• Site of cellular respiration
• Convert chemical energy stored in food
into compounds the cell can use (ATP)
 Cell’s “power house” or energy source
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
6.
Chloroplasts
• Enclosed by two membranes
• Site of photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
 Only found in what type of cell?
 Plant cell’s “power house” or energy source
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
7.
Cell “Skin”
•
•
Animals have cell membrane
Plants have cell wall AND cell membrane
VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
8.
Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein filaments that helps
maintain cell shape and aid in movement
Protein filaments:
• Microfilaments are threadlike structures made
of actin
• Microtubules are hollow structures made of
tubulins ; includes centrioles in animal cells
 Cell’s support structure and transportation
system
VIII. Endosymbiotic Theory
1. Developed by Lynn Margulis.
2. Single-celled organisms engulfed another
smaller single-celled organisms.
3. Digestion did not occur. The two organisms
lived symbiotically.
4. Over millions of generations, these engulfed
organisms became organelles.
5. Evidence:
a) Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their
own DNA
b) They also divide independent of the cell.