Cells and their
Organelles
You will be able to understand how
the cell is structured, designed,
and grows
EQ: What do all living things
have in common?
 All life forms from bacteria to the giant
blue whale are comprised of cells
 Cells make up the smallest “unit” of life.
All life is comprised of cells as well know
it.
What does all life have in
common? (Modern Cell Theory)
 1. All living things are made of cells
 2. Cells are the base unit of all functions and
design in living things
 3. All cells are produced by other living cells
 PROBLEMS:
 Cant explain viruses
 Cant explain where first cell came from
How are cells structured?
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
 Prokaryote- (bacteria) ; simple design
and very small. No special parts on the
inside; but does contain DNA and RNA
for replication
 Eukaryote- (multi-celled organisms)
Cells much larger and contain
specialized parts: organelles- parts of a
cell which have a SPECIFIC
FUNCTION!
How do Cells “Know” when to
Divide?
 Cell growth limited to processes of Osmosis
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and Diffusion
Osmosis is the ability of water to move across
cell membrane
Diffusion is the ability of a gas (oxygen and CO2
to move across cell membrane
Both are PASSIVE TRANSPORT methods (no
energy needed)
When Osmosis and Diffusion no longer “work”
signals cell to divide
Mitosis: Cell Division
 G1 Stage: Cytoplasm expands and
organelles double
 S Stage ( Synthesis Stage): DNA in Cell
doubles preparing for Cell Division
 G2 Stage: Cell undergoes Mitosis;
Normal Cell Function Stops and Cell
Divides
Mitosis 6 Stages
 Interphase (G2)- Cell Function Normal (Cell
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grows)
Prophase- Cell Function stops- Nucleus
disappears, Centrioles and Spindle Fibers form,
Chromosomes appear
Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in Middle
Anaphase- Chromosomes “rip” apart and move
to opposite ends
Telophase- Daughter Cells divide,
(CYTOKENISIS) Nucleus reappears, Spindle
Fibers, Chromosomes and Centrioles disappear
Interphase (G 1 )- Cell goes back to normal
function and grows
What is Cancer?
 Cancer is simply when cells get “stuck” into the Synthesis
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and G2 of the cell cycle
Cells continually divide and stop functioning normally, as
a result organ stops functioning normally
Cells can then break off a travel to other locations within
the body, causing the cancer to SPREAD
Cancer has 4 stages, Stage 1 and 2 cancer is “isolated”.
Has not gotten past lymph nodes.
Stage 3 and 4 Cancer has gotten into lymph nodes and
has grown beyond original location.
EUKARYOTE CELLS (Plants
and Animals)
 Cell Wall – rigid wall
of material located
outside the cell
membrane. Found in
all plants cells, job is
to support structure
of plant. Not found in
animal cells (except
bacteria and some
protists)
 “Brick wall of cell”
Eukaryote Cells
 Cell Membrane-
Outer edge of cell;
controls what goes in
and out of cell.
Gatekeeper of Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Nucleus- Controls
most functions of cell
and the organelles
Brain of the cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Nuclear Membrane;
controls what enters
and leaves nucleus
of cell; surrounds
nucleus
Bouncer of Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Chromatin- genetic
material of cell; tells
cell what sort of cell it
becomes as well as
making up its DNA
material: found in the
nucleus
Blueprints of Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Mitochondria- Where
cellular respiration
occurs; (where food
is burned in cell)
provides energy to
the cell. Found in
cytoplasm
Power-plants of cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
network of passage
ways within cell to
transport material
and energy. Found
in cytoplasm
Roads of the Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Ribosome-
specializes parts of
cell that make
proteins for the cells.
Found in the E.R. of
the cytoplasm and
made by the
nucleolus
Chef of the Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Nucleolus- “Dark
spot” in Nucleus of
the cell. Makes
Ribosomes for the
cell
Dark side of Cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Golgi Apparatus
/(Body)- found in
cytoplasm.
Organelles that are
the carrying devices
for food and other
material throughout
the cell
UPS of the cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Chloroplasts- found
commonly in plant
cells cytoplasm.
Organelles that
convert light into food
energy
 “Greenies of the cell”
Chloroplasts
Eukaryote Cell
 Vacuole- Storage
area in a cell’s
cytoplasm; Larger in
plants than animal
cells used for water
and waste storage
Trashcan of cell
Eukaryote Cell
 Lysosome- organelle
that cleans out
cytoplasm and
destroys worn out
organelles
Janitor of Cell with Lysol
Eukaryote Cell
 Centriole- only in
animal cells: where
spindle fibers attach
during cell replication
Anchor of cell
Eukaryote Cells
 Spindle fibers-
“strings” which attach
to chromosomes
during cell replication
process. Found in
cytoplasm and only
visible during cell
replication
Strings of Cell
Eukaryote Cell
 Cytoplasm- “jam like
liquid” found within
the cell membrane.
Holds everything in
place and is material
through which
osmosis and
diffusion occur
Jam of Cell