International Migration
Between ASEAN
Australia
by
Graeme Hugo
ARC Australian Professorial Fellow
Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population
and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide
Presentation to International Population Conference on Migration,
Urbanisation and Development, Faculty of Economics and
Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
8 July 2013
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Global Context – Migration and
Development
• International Migration and ASEAN
• Permanent Migration to Australia
• Temporary Migration
• Characteristics of Migrants
• Return Migration
• Policy Issues
• Conclusion
Global Context
• Increase in Personal Mobility
• Increased Diversity of Movement
• Major Developments in Migration Thinking and
Policy
- Migration and Development
- The Role of Diaspora
- Migration and Environment
- Transnationalism Vs Permanent Settlement
- Regional Co-operation
Migration and Development
‘Population dynamics and the restructuring of
economies have contributed to increasing
awareness among policy makers about the
key role that international migrants play in
satisfying labour demand in particular sectors
and in maintaining the international networks
necessary for the operation of the global
economy … international migration is an
integral part of the development process and
the functioning of modern economies’.
UN Secretary General 2010, 3
Transnationalism
‘… populations of migrant origin who are
scattered among two or more destinations,
between which there develop multifarious
links involving flows and exchanges of
people and resources: between the
homeland and destination countries, and
among destination countries’.
Van Hear, Pieke and Vertovec (2004, 3)
Key Developments
• UN High Level Dialogue on Migration and
Development October 2013
• Post 2015 UN Development Agenda
• Global Forum on Migration and
Development
Global International Migration, 1980-2013
Source:
Year
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
United Nations, 2011 and 2013
Number of
Migrants
99,300,000
155,518,065
165,968,778
178,498,563
195,245,404
213,943,812
232,000,000
% of Total
Population
2.2
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
-2
Southern Europe
Southern Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Absolute change
Western Asia
Central America
Northern Europe
Eastern Asia
Australia and New Zealand
Middle Africa
Polynesia
Northern Africa
Northern America
South America
Melanesia
Western Europe
Western Africa
Caribbean
Central Asia
Eastern Europe
Southern Asia
Eastern Africa
Micronesia
Millions
The number of international migrants: absolute change
and percentage change between 2000 and 2013, by region
Source: United Nations 2013
16
% change
140
14
12
120
100
10
8
80
6
4
40
60
2
0
20
0
-20
World International Migrant Stock in
Destination Countries in Thousands, 2010
Source:
United Nations, 2011
Migrant Stocks by Country of Origin, 2010
Source:
World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix
International Migrant Stock by Origin and
Destination, 2010 (millions and percentages)
Source:
United Nations, 2012, p. 1
Key International Migration
Trends in ASEAN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increased scale and diversity
Increased intra-ASEAN migration
Migration to OECD countries
Temporary Labour Migration
Temporary Skilled Migration
Marriage Migration
Student Migration
Forced Migration
Migrants from ASEAN by Country of
Destination, 2010
Source: World Bank Bilateral Estimates of Migrant Stocks in 2010
Largest ASEAN Migrant Stocks 2010
Source: World Bank
United States
Saudi Arabia
Australia
Canada
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Netherlands
Italy
Qatar
UAR
Jordan
Korea
3,670,575
861,774
699,623
653,103
332,501
305,165
257,903
248,718
187,648
147,091
125,324
120,801
120,534
117,145
Intra ASEAN Migration Stocks 2010
Source: World Bank
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Cambodia
Brunei Darussalam
Philippines
Lao PDR
1,882,987
1,162,960
448,218
320,573
120,578
11,234
10,134
ASEAN: Emigration Rates Around 2000
Source: Dumont, Spielvogel and Widmaier 2010
% Migrants Tertiary
Educated
% of Tertiary
Educated Living
Outside
Brunei Darussalam
32.5
19.7
Cambodia
15.5
43.7
Indonesia
14.1
2.4
Laos
13.7
10.8
Malaysia
30.4
9.3
Myanmar
15.2
1.9
Philippines
44.3
15
Singapore
37.4
4.7
Thailand
26.3
3.5
Vietnam
23.0
18.4
ASEAN Country
Southeast Asia: Remittance Inflows, US$
Million, 2000-12
Source: World Bank
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
2000
121
1190
1
342
102
6961
1697
1340
2012
257
7207
117
1272
566
24453
4124
1000
%
Change
p.a.
% of GDP
1.9
6.5
0.8
16.2
1.3
48.7
0.4
11.6
15.4
10.3
11.0
1.2
7.7
6.9
18.2
Australia: Distribution of Birthplace of Overseas-Born, 2011
Source: ABS 2011 Census
Distribution of Birthplace of Settlers to
Australia, 1970
Source: DIMIA 1972 Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics
Australia: Birthplace Country of Settler
Arrivals, 2010-11
Source: DIAC unpublished data
Australia: ASEAN-born Population, 1911 to 2011
Source: Australian Censuses
800,000
700,000
600,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
Year
2011
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
1971
1966
1961
1954
1947
1933
1921
0
1911
Number
500,000
Australia: Growth of the Population by ASEAN
Birthplace Country, 2006 to 2011
Source: ABS 2006 and 2011 Censuses
ASEAN Country
Myanmar
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
East Timor
2006
12,378
24,528
9,375
30,554
159,850
2,392
50,974
92,335
120,540
39,972
9,317
2011
21,760
28,328
9,932
45,464
185,036
2,626
63,159
116,195
171,233
48,647
9,226
% Growth Per
Annum
11.94
2.92
1.16
8.27
2.97
1.88
4.38
4.70
7.27
4.01
-0.20
• permanent movement – persons migrating to
Australia and residents departing permanently;
• long term movement – temporary visa holders
arriving and residents departing temporarily with
the intention to stay in Australia or abroad for
twelve months or more, and the departure of
temporary visa holders and the return of
residents who had stayed in Australia or abroad
for twelve months or more;
• short term movement – travellers whose
intended or actual stay in Australia or abroad is
less than twelve months.
Australia: ASEAN Countries Birthplace by Visa
Category, 2003-04 to 2011-12
Source:
12000
DIAC unpublished data
FAMILY MIGRATION
SKILL MIGRATION
HUMANITARIAN
NON-PROGRAM MIGRATION
10000
8000
Number 6000
4000
2000
0
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Year
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Australia: Eligibility Category of Permanent Additions
born in ASEAN and Other Regions, 2002 to 2011
Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues
ASEAN
Number
Family
Other Origins
%
Number
% of Total ASEAN
%
94476
39.6
347593
24.3
21.4
119791
50.2
725962
50.8
14.2
685
0.3
4029
0.3
14.5
13368
5.6
111517
7.8
10.7
NZ Citizen
5323
2.2
230764
16.2
2.3
Other
1688
0.7
11438
0.8
12.9
100.0
14.3
Skill
Special Eligibility
Humanitarian
Total
238654
100.0
1428012
Australia: Permanent Additions of ASEAN-Born,
2001-02 to 2010-11
Source:
DIAC Immigration Update, various issues
Percent
Onshore
Offshore
Total
2001-02
5204
14462
19668
Onshore
26.5
2002-03
5761
15276
21037
27.4
2003-04
6082
16799
22881
26.6
2004-05
6817
16868
23685
28.8
2005-06
6382
18078
24460
26.1
2006-07
6723
19469
26192
25.7
2007-08
6896
21164
28050
24.6
2008-09
9263
21008
30271
30.6
2009-10
10075
20581
30656
32.9
2010-11
13496
17938
31434
42.9
Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by
Ancestry, 2011
Country of Birth
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
ASEAN
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
ASEAN
Source: ABS 2011 Census
Ancestry (Multiple Response)
Chinese
Indian Other
Total
28222
207
34730
63159
79714
7502
28980
116196
6160
137 164936
171233
27739
4766
16142
48647
4171
170
41123
45464
1650
104
871
2625
2180
476
19104
21760
10445
4
17880
28329
1628
6
8298
9932
42166
92 142781
185039
204076 13459 474847
692382
PERCENT
44.7
0.3
55.0
100.0
68.6
6.5
24.9
100.0
3.6
0.1
96.3
100.0
57.0
9.8
33.2
100.0
9.2
0.4
90.5
100.0
62.9
4.0
33.2
100.0
10.0
2.2
87.8
100.0
36.9
0.0
63.1
100.0
16.4
0.1
83.5
100.0
22.8
0.0
77.2
100.0
29.5
1.9
68.6
100.0
Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by Top
5 Ancestry Groups, 2011
Source: ABS 2011 Census
Birthplace
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Total ASEAN
Top 5 Ancestry Groups
Indonesian
Chinese
Chinese
Malay
Filipino
Spanish
Chinese
Indian
Thai
Chinese
Chinese
English
Burmese
Karen
Khmer
Chinese
Lao
Chinese
Vietnamese Chinese
Chinese
Filipino
Dutch
Indian
Chinese
English
Karen
Malay
Chinese
Vietnamese
Hmong
English
Vietnamese
Australian
English
English
Singaporean
Khmer
Bruneian
English
English
Vietnamese
Australian
Thai
English
Australian
Australian
Australian
English
Australian
Chin
Australian
English
Khmer
Indonesian
Percent with Post School Education
(Population 15+)
Australia-born
ASEAN-born
Indonesia-born
Malaysia-born
Cambodia-born
Vietnam-born
Philippines-born
Singapore-born
45.7
50.1
60.3
66.0
22.2
31.4
61.0
62.2
Australia: Level of Post School Qualification of
Total Australia- and ASEAN-Born Population,
2011
Source:
ABS 2011 Census
70.0
60.0
ASEAN
50.0
Australia-born
40.0
Percent
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Degree and Higher
Advanced Diploma and
Certificate Level
Diploma Level
Level of Post School Education
No Post School Education
Labour Force: ASEAN Countries and
Australia-born, 2011
Source: ABS 2011 Census
Country of Birth
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
ASEAN
%
Unemployed
5.3
8.6
6.8
5.3
7.1
8.0
6.7
9.2
9.3
8.1
9.9
7.6
Participation
Rate
67.2
64.9
67.5
74.8
64.0
66.4
66.4
52.5
59.0
63.1
61.0
66.0
Occupation – Percent Managers and
Professionals
Australia-born
ASEAN-born
Indonesia-born
Vietnam-born
Malaysia-born
Singapore-born
33.9
33.7
35.1
27.0
56.1
52.5
Australia: Median Weekly Income of
Australia- and ASEAN-born, 2011
Source: ABS 2011 Census
Country of Birth
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
ASEAN
Median
Income ($)
597.6
505.5
703.6
673.7
603.7
390.4
702.6
374.4
383.3
503.7
391.1
528.5
Australia: Age-Sex Distribution of ASEAN
Countries Birthplace, 2011
Source: ABS 2011 Census
85+
Males
Females
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
Age
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Number
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
ASEAN: Stock of Temporary Residents in
Australia (Minus Students)
Source:
DIAC Immigration Update, various issues; Khoo et al., 2009
Temporary
Year (at 30 June)
Visitors
Residents
Present
Present Minus
457s
Students
2011
27,054
21,934
17,551
2010
28,094
25,304
20,022
2009
31,456
25,717
23,006
2008
31,645
22,363
19,684
2007
28,192
15,863
13,292
2006
24,815
10,345
7,767
2005
26,076
7,542
4,779
2004
25,653
7,272
2003
27,615
6,799
2002
26,069
6,289
2001
26,123
6,145
2000
27,616
6,290
4,189
1999
28,539
6,166
3,382
1998
2,132
Year
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04
2002-03
2001-02
2000-01
1999-2000
1998-99
1997-98
1996-97
1995-96
1994-95
1993-94
1992-93
1991-92
Number
Australia: Long Term Arrivals from ASEAN, 1991-92 to
2011-12
Source: DIAC unpublished data
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Australia: Overseas Students from ASEAN,
1987-2012
Source: DEST Overseas Student Statistics, various issues and Australian Education
International
120,000
50
45
100,000
40
60,000
25
20
40,000
15
10
20,000
5
Year
Number
%
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
0
1988
0
1987
Number
30
Percent
35
80,000
Development Impacts
• Diaspora Relationships
• Return Migration
• Remittances
A Model of the Australia/ASEAN
Migration System
Australia: Departures to Malaysia, Former Settlers, 1962-63
to 1986-87 and Total Departures to Malaysia by Birthplace,
1987-88 to 2011-12
Source:
DIMIA Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics, various issues; DIAC Emigration and Immigration Update; DIAC
unpublished data
1,600
1,400
1,200
800
600
400
200
Year
Overseas-born
Australia-born
2010-11
2008-09
2006-07
2004-05
2002-03
2000-01
1998-99
1996-97
1994-95
1992-93
1990-91
1988-89
1986-87
1984-85
1982-83
1980-81
1978-79
1976-77
1974-75
1972-73
1970-71
1968-69
1966-67
1964-65
1962-63
Number
1,000
Australia: ASEAN Country of Origin, Permanent
Arrivals and Permanent Departures (Overseas and
Australia-born), 1994-95 to 2005-06
Source: DIAC Unpublished data
Country of Origin
South East Asia
Mainland
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Viet Nam
Maritime SE Asia
Brunei
East Timor
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
South East Asia
Permanent
departures
as percent
of Settler
Arrivals
Permanent
Departures
Overseas
born
Permanent
Departures
Australia
born
Permanent
Departures
2,027
5,493
478
15,075
26,946
43
346
145
3,193
4,627
66
219
120
3,341
1,554
109
565
265
6,534
6,181
5.4
10.3
55.4
43.3
22.9
1,378
92
28,686
29,214
38,639
43,394
191,422
499
80
5,573
3,085
1,816
9,114
28,521
981
88
4,447
3,187
1,233
13,547
28,783
1,480
168
10,020
6,272
3,049
22,661
57,304
107.4
182.6
34.9
21.5
7.9
52.2
29.9
Settler
Arrivals
Migration to Third Countries
• Only one third of Malaysia-born
leaving Australia return to Malaysia
• Main destinations Singapore (19%),
Hong Kong (10.4%), UK, New
Zealand, USA and China
Australia: Age-Sex Composition of Permanent
Departures To ASEAN, 1993-94 to 2011-12
Source: DIAC unpublished data
65+
Males
Females
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
Age
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
12000
8000
4000
0
Number
4000
8000
12000
Australia: Number of Malaysia-Born Individual
Persons Travelling Into and Out of Australia
Temporarily According to Their Resident Status,
1998-2006
Source:
DIAC, unpublished data
Number Travelling
Malaysia-Born Persons’ Resident Status
Into Australia
New Settlers 1998-2006
Visitors 1998-2006
Australian Residents Who Settled Prior to 1998
Out of Australia
18,116
1,322
162,184
146,187
83,136
83,946
Australia: Number of Temporary Moves Into and Out of
Australia Made by Malaysia-Born Persons According to
Their Resident Status, 1998-2006
Source:
DIAC, unpublished data
Percent of Individuals
Resident Status
10+
Total
1-4 moves
5-9 moves
New settlers 1998-2006
44
29
27
100
18,116
Visitors 1998-2006
20
32
48
100
162,184
8
25
66
100
83,136
18
32
50
100
1,322
Australian residents who settled before
1998
moves
Total
Australian residents settling before 1998
and who have permanently left
Australia between 1998-2006
Australia: ASEAN-born Short Term Arrivals and
Departures, 1993-94 to 2011-12
Source:
DIAC, unpublished data
Australia: ASEAN Countries, Reasons for Short
Term Arrivals and Resident Departures, 2011-12
Source: DIAC unpublished data
Reason Travel
Other
Exhibition
Convention / Conference
Business
Visiting friends/relatives
Holiday
Employment
Education
Not stated
Total
Short
Term
Visitor
36718
2007
22476
65794
158765
360056
33173
68445
14764
762197
Percent
Short
Short
Short
Term
Term
Term
Resident Visitor Resident
12199
4.8
2.3
552
0.3
0.1
8980
2.9
1.7
36802
8.6
6.9
230642
20.8
42.9
215210
47.2
40.1
10273
4.4
1.9
2855
9.0
0.5
19715
1.9
3.7
537228
100.0
100.0
Key Questions
• Can the outflow be reduced?
• Can the rate of return of diaspora be
lifted?
• Can the diaspora be more effectively
engaged?
Return Migration Policy
•
•
•
•
Permanent, temporary and virtual
Targeting key individuals
Focus on young families
Attached to foreign spouses
Diaspora Strategies Other than Return
• Following the Chinese and Indian models of encouraging the
diaspora to invest in development related activity either as
individuals or in the roles they have in foreign based companies. A
range of incentives can be used.
• Development of ‘knowledge networks’ with counterparts in business
and research positions in foreign nations to encourage knowledge
transfer and regular interaction with counterparts living in home
country.
• Develop a program for encouraging key skilled Asian diaspora
overseas to hold joint positions which involve visits and working with
counterparts in ASEAN. This would involve the introduction of dual
citizenship.
• Using ASEAN connections overseas as bridgeheads for ASEAN
exports and trade.
• Diaspora tourism
• Diaspora philanthropy
• Leveraging of remittances
Conclusion
• Limited knowledge of ASEAN international
migration
• Need to investigate existing secondary
sources
• Policy issues
• Capacity issues