The Study of Plants
Biology: Mrs. Chapman
Name: ____________________
1
Plant Systems & Interactions
PLANTS ARE LIVING ORGANISMS.
PLANTS HAVE CERTAIN UNIQUE STRUCTURES THAT PERFORM
SPECIFIC JOBS TO MAINTAIN LIFE AND GROWTH.
THIS IS BOTANY – A STUDY OF PLANTS.
THIS PACKET IS SET UP TO INTRODUCE YOU TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY
(CHAPTERS 22, 23, 24, 25) (Online Biology: Dragon Fly Book)
You will use the following book link to complete all the Sections
Prentice Hall - Biology
http://ocas.pearsonschool.com/ph/cd/0-13-1155407/?token=53616c7465645f5fbfd66b0103e1512861e41792984a1072fe1aa8798d4cd31b0909a95ddc095b670a60
8a1ab4c39f1a0ecc57c6ef8abfde
(Chapters 21, 22, 23) (Current book)
This packet is due:
March 9th
Check when
completed
Section(s)
Vocabulary
Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants
Section 22-2 Bryophytes
Section 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 22-4 Seed Plants
Section 22-5 Angiosperms-Flowering Plants
Section 23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
Section 23-2 Roots
Section 23-3 Stems
Section 23-4 Leaves & Energy
Section 23-5 Transport in plants
Section 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers
Section 24-2 Seed Development and Germination
Chapter 25 Plant responses and adaptations
Flower Dissection
INSTRUCTIONS:
A. Keep track of this paper and refer to it often.
(The grading Rubric in on the back)
B. As instructed by your teacher, complete each section.
If you do not finish part of a section, then come to tutoring or finish it at home.
C. Carefully follow all directions given in each section, each lab and station activity.
D. Color all required drawing and pictures
E. When you have completed the packet make sure all the papers are stapled in the correct order with
the cover sheet attached to the front.
2
Rubric
Read the instructions for each section carefully!! You will receive 7 daily grades
(1 for each section), 1 lab grade (Flower Dissection), and then all of these grades will be averaged together to
give you a PROJECT GRADE. All drawings/diagrams that should be colored and labeled are worth 5 points each.
Section(s)
Possible
Points
Vocabulary (In current textbook)
100
Section
Section
Section
Section
100
22-1
22-2
22-3
22-4
Introduction to Plants
Bryophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seed Plants
Section 22-5 Angiosperms-Flowering Plants
100
Section 23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
Section 23-2 Roots
Section 23-3 Stems
100
Section 23-4 Leaves & Energy
100
Section 23-5 Transport in plants
Section 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers
Section 24-2 Seed Development and Germination
100
Chapter 25 Plant responses and adaptations
100
Flower Dissection
100
Project Grade
100
All other questions are worth 3 points each. The vocabulary is worth 2.5 points
3
Points
Earned
Plant Vocabulary
Word
Definition
1. Stomata
2. Vascular Tissue
3. Vascular Plant
4. Nonvascular Plant
5. Seed
6. Guard Cell
7. Xylem
8. Phloem
9. Transpiration
10. Auxin
Introduction to Plants 22-1 (p.551)
1. What is a plant?
2. What pigments do plants use to carry out photosynthesis?
What Plants Need to Survive (p.552)
3. Explain each of the 4 things that plants need to survive and why?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
4. Life Cycle of a Plant (Figure 22-2) (pg. 552) Draw, label and color.
5. The First Plants (Figure 22-6) (pg.554) Draw, label and color. (You have to use the hardcover book)
7. The great majority of plants alive today are _________________________________.
Bryophytes Chap. 22-2 (pg.556-557)
1. Mosses do not have true roots, instead they have _____________________, which are long, thin cells that
________________________________________________________________________________________
Seedless Vascular Plants Chap. 22-3
(p.560)
2. What is vascular tissue? ___________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the table about vascular tissue.
Type of Tissue
Function
Xylem
Phloem
(p.561)
4. Complete the table about plant structures.
Structure
Description
Roots
Leaves
Stems
(p.562)
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5. What are rhizomes? ______________________________________________________________________
Seed Plants Chap. 22-4 (pg. 564-565)
► Do all plants produce seeds? ________ ◄
6. What are 3 features that allow seed plants to reproduce without water?
▪ ______________________________________________________
▪ ______________________________________________________
▪ ______________________________________________________
7. Define cone. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. What is a flower? ________________________________________________________________________
9. What is a pollen grain? ____________________________________________________________________
10. Describe pollination. ______________________________________________________________________
11. What does the seed coat do for the seed? _______________________________________
6
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Chap. 22-5 (pg.569)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Angiosperms are members of the phylum ___________________________.
Angiosperms have unique reproductive organs known as _____________________.
In flowering plants, the seed is encased in a ______________________.
What is a fruit? ________________________________________________________________________
Fleshy, nutritious fruits help the seeds to be dispersed by a _______________________.
Describe pollination. ___________________________________________________________________
Using Figure 22-25 on p.570 to color and fill in the characteristics in each box in the table.
Characteristics of Monocots & Dicots
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
7
Go to LAB
TABLE 1:
Type of leaf
Monocot
Observe the Leaves and draw an example of each.
Drawing
Dicot
Simple
Compound
8. Plant cells undergo photosynthesis. Which organelle does this process take place in?
_____________________________
9. a. Describe the different life spans of plants below (p.572):
annuals –
biennals –
perennials –
b. Which type live the longest? _______________________
Flower Pollination
- Go to LAB TABLE 2 and use the information there to answer the following questions.
Pre-Activity Questions
1. Define Pollination: ___________________________________________________________
2. Do flowers have only one pollinator? ___________
3. What three organisms pollinate most of the plants? _________________, _______________, &
___________________.
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Activity
Using the information in the chart on the laminated sheet provided with this activity, identify the most likely
pollinator for each of the following examples.
Examples
Pollinator
1. The banana plant has a hanging flower that opens only at night
and gives off a musty odor.
2. Willow trees have simple flowers with little fragrance that
produce tiny, light weight pollen grains.
3. Skunk cabbage releases an odor like that of decayed meat.
4. A flower that is bright orange with little fragrance.
5. Plant that has small white flowers that open at night and
produce a sweet scent.
6. Bright yellow flower with nectar located close to its surface.
7. Bright red flower with nectar located in long tubes.
Analyzing Graphics – use the picture below and diagram on pg. 614 to answer the following questions
8. Which structure shown in the figure to the right allows pollen to
enter the ovary? ________________________
9. What is the most likely way that the pollen in the figure to the
right will disperse? ________________________
10. Explain your answer.
Specialized Tissues in Plants
Chap. 23-1 (p.579)
1. What are the 3 principle organs of seed plants? _______________, _______________ & _____________
(p.580-581)
2. What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? _________________, ________________ & ________________
Vascular Tissue
3. Vascular tissue in plants consists of _________________ & ___________________.
4. What is the function of xylem? _____________________________________________________________
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5. What is the function of phloem? ___________________________________________________________
6. Microscope work → Go to LAB TABLE 3. Note: Be sure to reference Zea may sheet at the table.
The microscope is set up on medium power. Do not move the slide. Zea mays stem (cs) cross section 100x
1. Draw and color what you see on the slide.
2. Label: xylem
phloem
vascular bundle
Zea May Stem
(p.583)
7. What is differentiation? _______________________________
___________________________________________________
8. Label the plant tissue system to the left using Figure 23-1 p.580.
Roots - Chp. 23-2 (p.584) A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its _____________.
9. Complete the table about types of roots.
Type of Root
Mainly in Dicots or
Monocots?
Description
Examples
Taproots
Fibrous roots
10. What is a bulb root and give an example. ________________________________________
11. What type of root does a carrot have? ___________________
(p.585)
12. Water enters the plant through the large surface area provided by the _____________ ____________.
13. Using the information above about fibrous roots and taproots, answer the following:
What type of root would be the best adaptation for the following environments?
10

This plant is located an area that experiences limited rainfall. It must be able to
reach the water table, found deep underground. _______________

Plants need their root systems to grow where mineral and nutrients are. In the tropics, the nutrients are
found on the surface where animals urinate and defecate and also from dead and decaying animals and
plant parts found on the forest floor. _________________

This type of plant is resistant to strong winds. Its roots are anchored like a fence post. ____________

This plant has a root adaptation that prevents it from being lifted up out of the ground. It is generally
found where there are grazing animals. _________________
Root Functions (p.586)
14. Why are roots important to plants? __________________________________________________________
15. Reading a Table. Using Figure 23-8 . . .
a. If you notice that a plant is becoming paler and more yellow, what nutrient might need to be added?
__________________
b. If a plant has curled leaves, what nutrient is the plant lacking? __________________
- Go to LAB
TABLE 4 answer the questions while observing the roots.
a. Which plant has a tap root?
b. Which plant has a fibrous root?
c. Which plant has a bulb root?
d. What is the advantage of a fibrous root?
e. What is the advantage of a tap root?
f. What are the 2 main functions of roots?
Stems - Chap. 23-3 (p.589)
16. List the 3 functions of stems.
▪ ________________________________________________
▪ ________________________________________________
▪ ________________________________________________
11
Monocot & Dicot Stems (p.590)
17. Explain the differences between monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
(p.592)
18. Most of what we call “wood” is actually layers of ___________________.
19. What do thin tree rings represent? __________________________________________________________
20. What do thick tree rings represent? _________________________________________________________
- Go to LAB
TABLE 5 answers the questions while observing the plant
a. Describe the difference between a woody and an herbaceous stem.
b. How do the function of a stem relate to the root and leaves of a plant?
c. How can you determine the age of the tree?
d. Why are the rings uneven?
12
Leaves & Energy - Chap. 23-4
Leaf Structure (p.595)
1. The structure of the leaf is optimized for ______________________________________________________.
Go to LAB TABLE 6 Microviewer Work – Obtain an information card and a micro-viewer from the front
Introduction
2. Leaves perform at least 5 general functions in the life of a plant. What are they?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is a blade? _________________________________________________________________________
Slide 2
4. Draw, color and label what you see in the slide.
Write the appropriate name and microscope
magnification underneath.
5. Which 2 layers contain chloroplasts?
________________________ &
______________________
6. What process does the green coloring of the
chloroplasts enable them to do?
_________________________________
Slide 4
7. Draw, color and label what you see in the slide.
Write the appropriate name and microscope
magnification underneath.
8. What type of membrane does a chloroplast
have? ________________________
9. What do chloroplasts capture?
_____________________________________
Leaf Functions (p596)
10. What is a stoma? ______________________________________________________________________
Slide 5 – Epidermis – Surface View
11. How many stomata can you locate on this slide? ________.
12. Epidermal cells have a waxy waterproof material called _________________.
Slide 6 – Stoma – Surface View
13. What do open stomata allow? _____________________________________________________________
14. What do closed stomata cut off? ___________________________________________________________
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15. What do guard cells do? __________________________________________________________________
► Put the microviewer and information card back on the table at the front of the room.
16. FIGURE 23-19 on p.597 - LABEL WHICH ONE IS THE ‘STOMA OPEN’ AND ‘STOMA CLOSED’
Plant A
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Plant B
Label the guard cells and the stoma in the diagrams above.
Which plant stomata above is most likely functioning under dry conditions. _____________________
Which of the plants above loses the most water due to transpiration? __________________________
Which of the plants above would be most actively performing photosynthesis? ___________________
If the stoma is open, water pressure in the guard cells is [high or low]? ___________
If the stoma and guard cells did not work, what would happen to the leaf of the plant?
________________________________________________________________________________
14
Leaf Anatomy
Activity:
1. In the table, correctly identify the function of each part using the information on the previous page
 Color the structures CAPITALIZED above. Make sure to color every part of the structures seen in the
picture…not just the part that touches the line.
Letter
Structure
Color
Function
A
Cuticle (upper/lower)
yellow
Prevent water loss within the leaf.
B
Epidermis (upper/lower)
orange
It protects the internal tissues of the leaf.
C
Xylem
blue
Phloem
red
Xylem transports water.
Vein
D
Phloem transports sugar.
E
Mesophyll
green
F
Stomata
pink
G
Guard Cells
brown
This is where photosynthesis actually occurs.
Regulated by the guard cells.
Help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and
closing the stomata.
C
A
B
E
D
G
15
F
B
What is the function of a leaf? ______________________________________________
Transport in Plants - Chap. 23-5
Water Transport (p.599)
1. What 3 things provide enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant?
▪ ______________________________________________________
▪ ______________________________________________________
▪ ______________________________________________________
2. What is it called when water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other substances?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is capillary action? __________________________________________________________________
4. What happens when a plant wilts? (p.601)
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
- Go to LAB
TABLE 7 answers the questions while observing the plants.
a. Describe the changes you see in the celery and white flowers.
b. In what types of tissue does water move upward in a plant stem?
c. In what type of tissue is sugar and other organic compounds transported from the leaves and stems
to the roots of plants?
d. What 3 combined things allows water to move through a plant?
e. How are leaves involved in transpiration?
16
Reproduction with Cones and Flowers - Chap. 24-1
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms (p.610)
5. What are pollen cones? ______________________________________
6. What are seed cones?
______________________________________________
Microscope Work – Go to LAB TABLE 8
 Do not move the slide.
 You will be looking at pollen.
 Write the appropriate name and microscope magnification
underneath your drawing.
7. Draw and color what you see from the slide.
8. Comparing what you have drawn with Figure 24-3 on p.610, do all pollen grains look the same? _________
Structure of Flowers
(p.612, Figure 24-5)
1. Label the flower parts.
2. Color the female parts pink.
3. Color the male parts blue.
4. Color the sterile parts
green and yellow.
5. Explain how selffertilization/selfpollination happens?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Seed Development & Dispersal Chap. 24-2
Seed Development & dispersal Chap 24-2
Seed and Fruit Development (p.618)
6. What is a fruit, biologically speaking? _______________________________________________________
7. Name some vegetables that are actually fruit. _________________________________________________
Seed Dispersal (p.619)
8. What are the 3 ways seeds are dispersed? __________________, _________________, & _____________
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9. Seeds that are lightweight are typically dispersed by the __________________.
Analyzing Data. Answer questions 17 & 18 by examining the graph at the top of the page: (p. 620)
10. What effect does chilling have on germination of seeds from Ontario?
_________________________________________________________________________________
11. How does chilling affect the seeds from Louisiana?
_________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is dormancy? _____________________________________________________________________
13. What 2 environmental factors can cause a seed to end dormancy and germinate?
____________________________ & _____________________________
Seed Dispersal Activity – (go to LAB TABLE 9)
Pre-Activity Questions
1. Define seed:
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define seed dispersal:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Activity:
Use the pictures provided with this activity. You will describe the most likely method of seed
dispersal for each scenario. The dispersal of seeds ensures that offspring will be dispersed and
reduce the competition for resources
Description of Seed Dispersal
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
3. Why is seed dispersal important to plants? __________________________________________________
Plant Responses & Adaptations
Chap. 25
Plant Hormones (p.634)
1. What is a hormone?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a plant hormone?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
18
3. What do auxins simulate? (p.635)
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are cytokinins?(p.636)
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are gibberellins used for? (p.637)
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is ethylene? (p.638)
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is ethylene a major component of? _______________________________________________
8. How was this discovered?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Plant Responses (p.639)
9. What are tropisms and what is the purpose of tropisms?
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. Complete the table about tropisms. LAB
Tropisms
TABLE 10
Definition
Gravitropism
Growing towards:
(Geotropism)
Example:
Phototropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Growing towards:
Example:
Growing towards:
Example:
Growing towards:
Example:
(p.641)
11. What is photoperiodism in plants responsible for?
_________________________________________________________________________________
12. What changes occur in plants as cold weather approaches?
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
19
(p.643-644)
13. Complete the table comparing aquatic, salt-tolerant & desert plants.
Plant Adaptations Description
Aquatic Plants
Salt-Tolerant
Plants
Desert Plants
14. How are the roots and leaves of desert plants specialized for the environment in which they live?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
(p.645)
15. What 2 types of plants have specialized features for obtaining nutrients?
_______________________________________________________________________
16. What is an epiphyte? ____________________________________________________________________
17. Are epiphytes parasites? __________ What type of symbiosis do epiphytes depict? __________________
20
Flower Dissection Lab
Purpose: This lab will help familiarize you with the reproductive parts of flowers.
Use a magnifying lens to examine your intact flower. Sketch and label the parts of your flower. Then answer
questions 1 and 2. An example is provided for you.
Example Sketch
1. Is your flower a monocot or dicot? How do you know? _________________________
2. Explain how self-fertilization would occur using the plant parts in the diagram
above______________________________________________________________________ and what is the
difference between self-fertilization and cross-pollination?
_________________________________________________________________
Carefully begin peeling off the petals. Count and record how many of each your flower has.
3. _____Sepals (Thick outer parts that protect the flower when it is closed)
4. _____Petals (Colored parts that attract pollinators)
5. _____Stamen (Anther with pollen and filament)
6. _____Pistil (Female part with swollen ovary at the bottom and a sticky part called a stigma at the top.)
Cut the flower in half and look at the ovary.
7. _____Now estimate the number of eggs (Small specks found inside the ovary)
21
8. Draw the cross-section of your flower.
Draw each of the following in the space provided.
9. Sepal
10. Petal
11. Stamen
12. Pistil
13. Pollen grains are the male sex cells of the flower. Eggs are the female sex cells. When the pollen is brought
to the female part of the flower it is called pollination. Why do you think that the pistil is sticky at the top?
14. Insects
15. Wind
16. Birds
17. Animals
18. Water
19. Which pollinator from your table above do you think brings pollen to your flower? _____
20. Explain how bees and flowers have a mutualistic relationship.
21. Why do you think flowers are brightly colored?
23. The male sex cells in the pollen are called sperm. When the sperm and eggs combine, sexual reproduction
occurs and the egg is fertilized. The fertilized egg becomes a seed. Where would you predict you would find
seeds in a fertilized flower?
24. Do all flowers look the same? Explain why or why not.
22
25. In plants, gymnosperms have cones and angiosperms have flowers. Both of these plant structures are
specialized for –
A photosynthesis
B water absorption
C cellular respiration
D sexual reproduction
26. Look at the diagram above. Circle the animals that would be best adapted to pollinate it.
 Humming bird
 Moths
 Snakes

27. In which part of the flower does fertilization take place?
A Sepal
B Petal
C Pistil
D Stamen
28. Which reproductive strategy is represented by the flower pictured right?
A Budding
B Fragmentation
C Conjugation
D Pollination
29. What is the primary role of the stamen and pistil?
A They produce the reproductive cells.
B They transport substances.
C They secrete hormones.
D They absorb nutrients.
30. In a changing environment, it is an advantage to a plant species to reproduce sexually.
 In sexual reproduction, a new individual is producing by combining gametes from two parents.
 All living things that reproduce sexually inherit traits from both parents.
What is one benefit of sexual reproduction?
A The plants are able to divide into smaller plants.
B The plants are able to produce clones.
C The plants are able to produce genetically diverse offspring.
D The plants are able to be pioneer species
23
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