Institute of Experimental Physics
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice
Doctoral Seminar IEP, SAS, Košice 2011
Ivan Hamráček
Supervisor: RNDr. Jaroslav Antoš CSc.
June 15. 2011
hamracek@saske.sk
1/20
light emitting from the gaseous
bubbles in the liquid excited by
the acoustic pressure field
temperature in bubble
(~ 10.000 K )
light flash duration
(~100 ps)
SBSL in water; I. Hamracek; April 2006
MBSL
June 15. 2011
SBSL light production mechanism still unknown
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
2/20
one gaseous bubble trapped in the center
of the flask exposed to ultrasound
concentration of the energy of acoustic
vibrations by a factor of 1012
106 photons (2-6eV) per one flash
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
3/20
RMAX ~ 50 m
Mie scattering

t ~ 60 - 250 ps
TCSPC
bubble expansion and implosion
volume shift by factor 106
•
slow isothermal expansion
•
fast adiabatic colaps
50
1
40

shock wave
•

high pressure and temperature
radius [μm]
30
0
20
vR ~ 4M
10
flash
•
periodic intervals
•
106
photons
-1
0
0
10
R0 ~ 5 m
June 15. 2011
acoustic amplitude [ATM]
•
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
20
30
time [μs]
R0 ~ 0,5 m
T ~ 104 - 108 K !
spectrum
4/20




SL laboratory formation
experimental apparatus for SBSL creation
technology of proper conditions for stable SBSL
automation of SBSL creation
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
5/20




continuous in 190nm – 700nm region
UV sector absorbed by water
light production mechanism still unknown
very low intensity





wavelength calibration
absolute spectral response calibration
calibration verification
medium absorbance analysis
suitable optical apparatus
USB4000 Spectrometer
Uncalibrated deformed SBSL Spectrum 200-900nm, 7s/20average/10box, 2007
June 15. 2011
QE65000-FL
Spectrometer
OceanOptics USB4000 Spectrometer
•
detector range 200 – 900 nm
•
3648-element Toshiba linear CCD array
•
integration time 3.8 ms – 10 s
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
6/20





wavelength drift slightly with time
OceanOptics HG-1 Mercury Argon Calibration Source
HG-1 Mercury Argon
spectrum calibration included with every measurement
Calibration Source
automatization needed
study of external effects on w.c. (spec. board temperature, integration time,
averaging, source runtime)

automatized calibration in LabView (HG-1 spectrum and spectrum parameters
loaded, line identification, calibration recommendation, archiving data)
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
7/20
corrections:
USB4000 Spectrometer





keep a check on:
LS-1-CAL Radiometric
Calibration Standard


other corrections
June 15. 2011
size of light emitting surface
time integration (pulses)
emissivity (temperature and wavelength
dependent)
transmittance (water, flask glass, lens)
geometric (water, flask, lens, light source
distance)


conditions (temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure)
light distortions (light dispersion,
reflection, refraction)
mechanical distortions (fiber)
aberrations (chromatic, defocus, spherical,
astigmatism, coma, Petzval field curvature)
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
8/20


thermal sources (Tungsten & Nichrome filament, Sun, stars, hotplate)
Planck’s & Stefan-Boltzmann & Wien’s law
other (LED)

automated Tungsten & Nichrome filament
temperature estimator (LabView)
(I,U,P,T controlling and recording)
systematically undervalued temperatures

automated software for Planck fit
(raw spectra, calibration, spectral power,
spectral radiance, number of photons, corrections
(transmittances, emissivity))
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
9/20

Sun spectra measurements
air mass (coordinate, time, zenith angle)
wavelength dependent correction
(atmosphere purity (clouds, dust, smog...),
spectra measurements procedure
(acceptance angle, spectrometer overheat)…)

LEDs
reproducibility, corrections, distortions,
spectra, radial distributions, dissipated
power,
June 15. 2011
Neckel H. a Labs D. The Solar Radiation Between 3300 and 12500 A; Solar Physics, 1984, 90, 205-258
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
10/20
Sonoluminescence spectrum, T = 10.400 K
f = 26.698 kHz; A = 7,4 V;
integration time = 10 s; averaging = 10; boxcar width =50
dissolved oxygen = 3,2 mg/l
T = 21°C; pa = 1015 mbar
included:
calibration function, integration time,
light collection solid angle
not included:
water, glass and optics absorption
optics geometry
raw spectra
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
11/20

conditions for stable SBSLobservations
 experimental apparatus for SBSL creation – done
 technology of proper conditions for stable SBSL (even hours) - done

SBSL temperature estimation
 observation of raw SL spectra - done
 automated wavelength calibration - done
 absolute spectral response calibration – in progress
 calibration verification – in progress
 distortions & corrections analysis – in progress
 preliminary temperature estimation – done
 suitable approach for UV detection (wavelength shifter, closer to bubble…)
 new spectrometer (QE65000)
 possibility of temperature regulations – to do
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
12/20

estimation of flash duration
• confirmation of one light flash per one acoustic cycle - done
• confirmation of flash duration being of couple orders lower than acoustic
cycle (PMT) - done
• flash registrated with MPPC - single photons registered – done

diameter measurements
• Mie Scattering – qualitative agreement with dynamics theory – done
• slow diameter increasing, fast collapse, afterpulses observed – done

corelations between parameters (pressure amplitude, temperature,
intensity, flash duration) – to do

required experimental apparatus for dissertation aims completion already
obtained – done
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
13/20
Thank you for your attention!
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
14/20
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
15/20
PicoScope 3424
HI 9142 Dissolved
Oxygen Meter
935 Quad
VME-V1290N 16
200MHz CFD Channel Multihit TDC
LS-1-CAL Radiometric
Calibration Standard
CUV-UV Cuvette Holder
June 15. 2011
DT-MINI-2-GS
Light Source
FVA-UV Attenuator
C10751-03 MPPC
Longpass & Shortpass
filters
QE65000-FL
Spectrometer
E3649A Dual Output Power Supply
E3647A Dual Output Power Supply
34410A 6½ Digit Multimeter
33220A Function Generator
SPMMini High
Gain APD
9306 1-GHz Preamplifier
USB4000 Spectrometer
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
HG-1 Mercury Argon
Calibration Source
Sony EVI-D100P
16/20
 the light scattered within a given angle is proportional to the square of the
radius of the bubble
 signal from the PMT is proportional to the intensity of the scattered light
 565 nm laser (red)
 no calibration for PMT signal to radius nor for excitation signal amplitude to
acoustic pressure field amplitude yet
 proportional parameters: good qualitative agreement with Rayleigh-Plesset
equation and published experimental results
light pulses
observed
excitation signal
amplitude [V]
light pulses
not observed
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
17/20
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
18/20
p(t)=p0sin(ωt)
acoustic pressure
p(x,t)
p(t)=0
t0
X position
Bjerknes
force – time
average
t0+T/2
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
19/20
qualitative bubble dynamics description
3  2 1 
2  R0



RR  R   p H 
2
 
R0  R




3b

2 4R


 p H  p A sin t 
R
R

R – bubble radius
pH – hydrostatic pressure
pA – acoustic amplitude
σ – surface tension
μ – liquid viscosity

Assumptions
- liquid
incompressibility
- slow radius shift
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
20/20
relative intensity
of light emitted
radius [μm]
SBSL
no SBSL
50
40
30
20
10
1,3
0
10
Weninger et al.; May 1995
20
time [μs]
30
40
50 1,0
1,2
acoustic
1,1
amplitude [ATM]
Hiller et al.; 1992
•
•
•
•
•
liquid used
bubble gas used
acoustic amplitude
ambient temperature
others?
SL intensity
S. Putterman; February 1995
0,1
1
10
% inert gas in N2
M.P. Brenner; April 2002
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
21/20
100
amplifier
requirements
• signal generated and amplified with
frequency of ~ 27 kHz
• transformed by piezoceramic
transducers to US standing wave
•
function generator output
voltage
•
LC circuit current
•
sound captured with microphone at
the bottom of the flask
•
flash captured with photomultiplier
•
apparatus scene captured with
camera
spectrum scanned USB 4000
June 15. 2011
flask
camera
pmt
1Ω
parameters monitored
•
L
1MΩ

~
10kΩ

function generator
USB
4000
osciloscope
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
pc
22/20
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
23/20

liquid preparation
•
5-10 fold cut-down of gas content in
destilated water
•
115 ml, liquid surface in flask neck for
spherical liquid shape

signal generated
•
26,69 kHz, 3-5 Vpp

bubble creation
• liquid surface undulation (miniature
bubble creation)

sonoluminescence observation
• microphone output signal folds
•
SBSL in water on osciloscope LeCroy; I. Hamráček; April 2006
light pulses captured with PMT
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
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June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
25/20
exposition [s]: 10
ISO:
50
6
5
3,2
2
1
0,5
400
100
400
400
400
400
focal distance 11mm, F/3.2
1mm
50μm
r ~ 50m
Hamráček; April 2006;
Olympus C750
dig. zoom 15x
0.3mm
exposition [s]: 10
ISO:
50
6
5
3,2
2
1
0,5
400
100
400
400
400
400
focal distance 11mm, F/3.2
1mm
50μm
r ~ 50m
Hamráček; April 2006;
Olympus C750
dig. zoom 15x
0.3mm
•
Photon Counting
• low-light-level measurements (luminescence, fluorescence)
• incident photons are detected as separate pulses
• average time intervals between signal pulses are wider than the
time resolution of PMT
• signal stability, detection effeciency, signal-to-noise ratio
• <100 ps time resolution
• 2 fast detectors - time difference of
signal registration distribution
PMT
CFD
start
PMT
CFD
stop
U(Δt)
TAC
MCA
Light source
PMT – MPPC, CFD – constant fraction discriminator , TAC – time to amplitude converter,
MCA – multichannel analyzer
June 15. 2011
28/20
•
•
•
•
•
•
novel type semiconducting photon sensor
built from an avalanche photodiode (APD) array on common Si substrate
sensitive size 1x1 mm2
great photon dtection ability
excellent cost performance
very compact size
SPMMini PMT
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Written part of the dissertation examination
June 15. 2011
Ivan Hamracek, Doctoral Seminar IEP SAS 2011
32/20