In the 1800s, hospitals were often
dangerous places. Many doctors didn't wear
caps and gowns or wash their hands before they
began to work. Doctors also hadn't discovered
how to put people to sleep so a patient was
usually awake during an operation.
Some people died from the pain,
but more often, they died from an infection,
when germs got into their wounds. Back then,
people believed that an infection was caused by
something in the air.
“Father Of Modern Surgery"
The hospital environment has not
always been a place of sterility and extreme
cleanliness that is associated with it so readily
today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital
was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an
individual was able to survive the pain and torture of
surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection
would
most
certainly
be
their
ultimate
demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, a hospital is now a
place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and
filth.
Doctor Joseph Lister spent many
years trying to find out how to
prevent infection. In 1869, Dr.
Lister invented a pump to spray
carbolic acid into the air in
operating theaters. It wasn't
very pleasant to work with, but
the chemical killed the bugs and
kept patients safer.
Soon, other hospitals began to
use carbolic acid and more and
more people survived their
operations. Joseph Lister, bug
buster, had made an important
discovery that saved many lives.
Carbolic Acid is produced when phenol reacts with water…………….
O─
OH
+ H2O
+ H3O
+
4 – chloro – 3,5 – dimethylphenol
OH
OH
CH3
3HC
Cl
4 - hexylresorcinol
OH
(CH2)5CH3
Because of Joseph Lister’s
contribution to science, specifically
in the field of medicine….
The first company that produces
health care and hygiene products
was name after him to give him
recognition for his works.
OH
An “alcohol –
like” compounds
that have the
hydroxyl group
bound
to
a
benzene ring.
Phenol is derived from the
old name for benzene (phene), to
include the suffix that indicates it
possesses a hydroxyl group (ol).
CAUTION: The word phenol (C6H5-OH) is
often confused with phenyl (C6H5-).
Phenols are acidic and are important
intermediates in the preparation of aryl
ethers, C6H5-OR .
Phenol may be found as a
translucent, clear, or light-pink crystalline
mass; a white powder, or a clear liquid. It has
a sweet, sharp odor or medicinal odor.
Addition of small amount of water causes the
solid to liquefy at room temperature. Phenol
is used in many commercially available
products including plastics, resins, fertilizers,
paints, photographic developers, and some
medicines.
Description: Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a
natural substance. It is a colorless-to-white solid when pure.
The commercial product is a liquid. Phenol has a distinct odor
that is sickeningly sweet and tarry. You can taste and smell
phenol at levels lower than those that are associated with
harmful effects. Phenol evaporates more slowly than water,
and a moderate amount can form a solution with water.
Warning properties: pungent odor is usually adequate to warn
of acute exposure ingestion can be fatal.
Flammability: nonflammable
NAME
Melting point
Boiling Point
Solubility
g/100ml at 25°C
Phenol
41°C
182°C
11.3g
Methanol
─ 97°C
65°C
Any amount
< TARGET="display">
OH
OCH3
EUGENOL / Cloves
CH2 – CH ═ CH2
OH
OCH3
ISOEUGENOL/NUTMEG
CH ═ CH – CH3
OH
OCH3
VANILLIN H – C ═ O
OH
CH3
CH – CH3
3HC
THYMOL / THYME MINT
O
C – O – CH3
OH
METHYL SALICYLATE
OH
CH3
C
CH3
CH3
Butylated Hydroxy Anisole
(BHA)
OCH3
2 – t – butyl – 4 - methoxyphenol
CH3
3HC
C
CH3
2,6 – di – t – butyl – 4 - methylphenol
OH
CH3
C
CH3
CH3
(BHT)
CH3
Butylated Hydroxy Toluene
O
C – OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2
O - phenylphenol
Cl
2 – benzyl – 4 - chlorophenol







When a single hydrogen of the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxyl, the
compound can be named as a derivative of benzene or simply PHENOL.
A number of phenol derivatives are known by common names that are also
IUPAC – accepted and are used preferentially over other possibilities.
Compounds formed by replacing a hydrogen of benzene with more complex
hydrocarbon group can be named by designating the benzene ring as
substituent.
We called them phenyl group.
When two groups are attached to a benzene ring, three isomeric structures
are possible. They can be designated by the prefixes ortho (o), meta (m), and
para (p):
When two or more groups are attached to a benzene ring, their positions can be
indicated by numbering the carbon atoms of the ring so as to obtain the lowest
possible numbers for the attachment positions.
Group that comes first in alphabetical order is given the lower number.
NO2
C6H 5
HO
C6H5
2ON
2 – ethyl – 4,5 dinitrophenol
2,3,4 - triphenylphenol
OH
Br
C6H5
OH
CH3CH2
3,4,5 - trimethylphenol
Cl
OH
3 – bromo – 5 – chlorophenol
3HC
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Phenol
Cathecol
Resorcinol
OH
OH
Hydroquinone
Br
OH
OH
NO2
2ON
OH
OH
2 – bromo – 5 –
chlorohydroquinone
Cl
HO
OH
3,5 - dinitrocathecol
P – methylphenol
CH3CH2 5 – ethylresorcinol OH
CH3





OH
OH
OH