Ch. 7 Review
Share THREE things you learned Monday with
THREE different people
-Landmark documents
-Terminology Box 7.2
-Difference in two types of fitness
-Define the FITT acronym
-Training principles
-Difference in norm- & criterion-referenced testing
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 8:
Fitness Programs and Professions
HPHE 1500
Dr. Ayers
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Government focus on importance of health & PA:
Healthy People 2000 (1991)
Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health (1996)
Healthy People 2010 (2000)
Healthy People 2020 (2010)
 National health objectives tracked for progress (T 8.1)
 Overarching goals relative to national health:
Improve health of all people
Eliminate health disparities between groups
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fitness Levels Among Children and Youth
Fitness of U.S. youth questioned since the 1950’s
Comparisons across decades difficult/inappropriate
Changing definitions of “fitness”
Different types of tests used
Shift in focus:
FROM: Improving fitness (outcome)
TO:
Increasing PA (process)
Today’s youth underperform on:
 Body composition (↑ levels of overweight/obesity)
 Cardiovascular capacity
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
One’s health and fitness . . .personal responsibility?
(Box 8.1, p. 187)
What about the environment in which we live
(that we have created for ourselves)?
What, how, where, and how much do we eat?
How has PA been squeezed out of daily life?
So what?
Measures of childhood health/PA are predictive!
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
PA Patterns Among Children and Youth
Sample key findings
 HR readings indicate most are meeting ACSM’s
recommendations for adult PA levels
 Most do not get regular PE from a specialist
 Only half of 12-21 year-olds engage in vigorous PA
regularly; 25% never do so
 Boys are more active than girls
 6-11 year-olds are the most active population group
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 Steepest PA decline occurs between ages 12-17
 Only 21% of adolescents participate in school
Physical Education 1 or more days a week
WHY?
 Reduced access (“exclusionary” sport model)
 Competing interests
 “It’s no longer fun”
 Alternative activity choices
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
What factors motivate adolescents?
 Body shape, looks
 Managing stress
 Peer approval
 Desire for independence
From Sallis (1994)
 Inactive teens become inactive adults . . .
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fitness & PA Levels Among Adults
Difficult to assess/estimate fitness & PA levels
Can be viewed from various perspectives:
PA estimates range widely . . . (Fig. 8.1, p. 191)
Patterns of CVD risk factors among adults (Box 8.2, p. 192)
Inactive adults are twice as likely to die from CVD
than active adults
PA level is a more critical health indicator than
fitness test results
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Health at Every Size (www.welcoa.org)
 Self-acceptance
 Physical activity
 Normalized eating (base intake on physiological hunger & fullness)
Older adults, the good news:
Live longer
Are increasing PA levels
More commonly participating in resistance exercise
Older adults, the bad news:
85% of the 65+ age group 1+ one chronic disease
35-50% women 70+ have mobility problems
Incur the highest amount of health-care costs
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fitness & PA Programs for Children and Youth
Importance of school Physical Education programs is
recognized by parents & federal gov’t
CDC’s guidelines targets schools, delivery of Physical
Education and Health Education programs, policies,
personnel, environment/infrastructure, training of
personnel, parental involvement, and evaluation as key
elements (Box 8.4, p. 197)
School Physical Education programs alone cannot meet all guidelines
PA opportunities must be created for all youth throughout communities
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
 Examples of creative program expansions:
Use of school-wide daily PA breaks
Fitness remediation programs
Four year fitness program
Daily fitness programs
In-school fitness centers
State-requirement approach
School fitness clubs
Required fitness courses
Elective fitness courses
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fitness & PA for People With Disabilities
Historically, PA programs had a rehab/medical
focus
Current efforts target people’s health
Often, major barriers prevent access to PA
With accommodations in place, PA health benefits
realistic for people with disabilities
PL 94-142 has helped increase sport & other PA levels
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
AAHPERD Efforts to Promote
Physical Activity and Fitness
Physical Best
Educational arm of health-related fitness programming
 Fitnessgram
Assessment arm of health-related fitness instruction
 Brockport Physical Fitness Test
Adapted fitness test
 FitSmart Test
Cognitive assessment of health-related fitness knowledge
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Worksite Fitness and Wellness Programs
More commonplace over the past 25 years
Can help reduce:
Health-care cost, employee turnover, & absenteeism
Can help improve:
Employee productivity and morale
Programs typically include:
Nutrition (e.g., programs, guidance, weight management)
Fitness (e.g., programs, facilities, testing)
General health (e.g., healthy back programs, screenings)
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
National Efforts to Promote Fitness
and Physical Activity
Examples of Federal Government involvement
since early 20th Century:
Improvement of fitness in military
1956: President’s Council on Youth Fitness formed
Now President’s Council on Fitness, Sport & Nutrition
http://www.fitness.gov/about/index.html
1978: USDHHS > Exercise recognized as an important
determinant of health status
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
1990: 34 National Health Objectives developed
specifically for fitness and health
1996: Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health
2000: “Promoting Better Health for Young People Through
Physical Activity and Sport” published
2001: CDC publishes Increasing Physical Activity: A Report on
Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive
Services
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Legislative Efforts to Improve
Child and Youth Fitness
2004: Federal School Lunch Act renewed
. . . Targets nutrition, nutrition education and physical activity
States have passed legislation that defines requirements for
food services & time requirements for PA and Phys. Educ.
HR 3257 (Fit Kids Act): Proposed amendment to No
Child Left Behind
2001: Carol M. White Physical Education Program (PEP)
grant program initiated
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Physical Fitness Instruction: By Whom?
Who teaches in the almost 30,000 health clubs in the US,
that serve over 41m members?
Individual organizations do offer certification (e.g., ACSM, IAR,
NCSA, IDEA, AFAA)
Value of such certification? . . . .Not all are created equally
2003: National Board of Fitness Examiners formed to
develop national standards & examination for fitness
instructors (http://nbfe.org)
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Athletic Training
National Athletic Training Association (NATA) www.nata.org
Main function: Oversee AT certification process
Preparation includes significant clinical component
Highly rigorous examination
process
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ACSM Fitness-Instruction Certification
Offers two certification tracks:
Health and Fitness
Clinical
Also provides continuing education for its members
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Strength & Conditioning Coach Qualifications
International non-profit organization with 30,000
members from 52 countries
Certifies strength and conditioning specialists
Certification requites degree in Ex. Science, CPR certif,
and 2+ yrs. of employment as G.A. at NSCA-recognized
program
NSCA released new standards & guidelines in 2009
http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/SCStandards.pdf
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
AFPA Certification
American Fitness Professionals and Associates (AFPA)
certifies personal trainers and fitness professionals via
distance education (http://afpafitness.com)
Certification in 23 specializations, such as:
Personal Trainer
Yoga Instructor
Senior Strength Specialist
Pre-/Post-natal Ex. Specialist
Pilates Instructor
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
ACE Certification
American Council on Exercise (ACE) (www.acefitness.org)
Has certified > 40,000 fitness professionals in more than 100 countries
Areas of certification:


Clinical Exercise Specialist
Advanced Health & Fitness Specialist
Certification eligibility requirements:
18 years of age
Adult CPR certification
Degree in Ex. Science (or related field)
Current ACE Personal Trainer certification
300 hours of related work experience
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Physical Therapy
American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is main
organizing body
Requires extensive specialized training at grad school level
Certification is governed at the state level
Specialization certification also possible in:
Neurology
Pediatrics
Cardio-pulmonary
Orthopedics
Sports Phys. Therapy
Geriatrics
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Master’s Degree in Fitness
Typical program specializations include:
Adult Fitness
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Strength Development
Corporate Fitness
Exercise Physiology
Most require ACSM Certification
Typical prerequisite courses include:
Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology
Chemistry, Math, Physics, and Measurement
Strength Development
Corporate Fitness
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Summary
Share one thing you learned today
Monday:
Ch 7-8 quiz
Ch 10 for class
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.